Table 2.

Structural consideration in pediatric population

Skin	Scalp Epidermis / Dermis Subcutaneous fat layer Galea aponeurotica Periosteum	The younger a child is, the thinner and the poorer its ability to cushion against external forces. Fragile and prone to blistering and tearing. Easily retains water and microvascular breakdown causes subcutaneous hematoma. Blood and exudate can accumulate beneath galea. Cephalic hematoma can be calcified rarely.
Cranium	Cranium	The craniofacial ratio is at its greatest. Cranial sutures are loose and highly mobile. Calvarium is soft and rich in bone marrow, connected with a periosteum, strongly attached to the bone cortex. Continuity of the skull tends to be well-maintained. Bone fragments are less likely to occur.
Brain and nerve fibers	Nerve fibers Brain/Cortical veins	Undeveloped myelin sheaths, the water content per unit volume of brain tissue is high. Fibers are pliable and less prone to rupture. Cerebral contusion by direct external force is high because of its softness. Easily extended with accelerated-decelerated motion, and can cause of subdural hematoma with disruption.
Neck and cervical spine	Neck Vertebrae	Undeveloped neck muscle and poor head support. The fulcrum of the vertebral body is located in the upper cervical spine. Ligaments and soft tissues are flexible and facets are flat. Vertebral body is prone to dislocation.