Table 3.
Factors associated with incomplete child immunization identified by multilevel multivariate logistics regression models
| Variable | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (CrI) | aOR (CrI) | aOR (CrI) | aOR (CrI) | |
| Measure of association | ||||
| Individual-level factors | ||||
| Maternal age | ||||
| 15–24 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| 25–34 | 0.59(0.48–0.72) | 0.61(0.50–0.74) | 0.63(0,50–0.79) | |
| 35+ | 0.51(0.38–0.67) | 0.53(0.40–0.69) | 0.55(0.40–0.74) | |
| Maternal education | ||||
| No education | 2.68(1.99–3.50) | 2.12(1.58–2.78) | 2.14(1.59–2.86) | |
| Primary | 1.413(1.13–1.75) | 1.39(1.11–1.72) | 1.42(1.14–1.76) | |
| Secondary/higher | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poor | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Middle | 0.57(0.43–0.75) | 0.72(0.52–0.99) | 0.76(0.55–1.03) | |
| Rich | 0.29(0.20–0.39) | 0.44(0.31–0.64) | 0.48(0.32–0.69) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Never married | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Ever married | 1.37(0.94–2.08) | 1.30(0.83–1.89) | 1.38(0.77–2.27) | |
| Maternal occupation | ||||
| Not working | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Working | 0.93(0.77–1.14) | 1.02(0.83–1.22) | 1.02(0.83–1.23) | |
| Sex of child | ||||
| Male (vs female) | 0.93(0.78–1.09) | 0.92(0.78–1.08) | 0.92(0.78–1.09) | |
| Birth order | ||||
| 1st -3rd order | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| 4th -6th order | 1.51(1.24–1.85) | 1.56(1.27–1.90) | 1.53(1.24–1.86) | |
| 7th + order | 1.49(1.07–2.03) | 1.50(1.06–2.07) | 1.46(1.02–2.02) | |
| Size of child at birth | ||||
| Large | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Average | 1.11(0.92–1.32) | 1.10(0.93–1.29) | 1.13(0.94–1.35) | |
| Small | 1.30(0.97–1.68) | 1.28(0.98–1.64) | 1.32(1.002–1.72) | |
| Exposure to media | ||||
| Never exposed | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Exposed | 0.92(0.75–1.14) | 0.99(0.79–1.24) | 1.03(0.79–1.31) | |
| Antenatal care | ||||
| Never attended | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Attended | 0.45(0.37–0.54) | 0.48(0.38–0.58) | 0.49(0.39–0.60) | |
| Place of delivery | ||||
| Home | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Health facility | 0.57(0.46–0.69) | 0.61(0.49–0.75) | 0.62(0.51–0.74) | |
| Community-level factors | ||||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban(vs Rural) | 0.67(0.52–0.84) | 0.66(0.50–0.82) | ||
| Getting to health facility | ||||
| Not a problem | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| A problem | 1.25(0.99–1.54) | 1.28(1.02–1.57) | ||
| Ethnicity diversity index | 0.99(0.95–1.03) | 0.99(0.95–1.03) | ||
| Socioeconomic disadvantage | ||||
| Tertile 1(least disadvantaged) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Tertile 2 | 1.53(1.17–2.02) | 1.44(1.09–1.88) | ||
| Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged) | 3.69(2.09–6.50) | 2.93(1.60–4.71) | ||
| State-level factors | ||||
| Socioeconomic disadvantage | ||||
| Tertile 1(least disadvantaged) | 1 (reference) | |||
| Tertile 2 | 0.88(0.57–1.28) | |||
| Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged) | 2.69(1.37–4.73) | |||
| Measures of variation | ||||
| State level | ||||
| Variance (SE) | 2.270(1.330–3.730) | 0.388(0.179–0.740) | 0.282(0.113–0.567) | 0.205(0.081–0.412) |
| Explained variation (%) | Reference | 82.9 | 87.6 | 91.0 |
| ICC (%) | 31.80 | 8.76 | 6.36 | 4.72 |
| MOR | 4.18 | 1.81 | 1.66 | 1.54 |
| Community level | ||||
| Variance (SE) | 1.578(1.216–1.979) | 0.752(0.512–1.013) | 0.863(0.610–1.144) | 0.838(0.598–1.104) |
| Explained variation (%) | Reference | 52.3 | 45.3 | 46.9 |
| ICC (%) | 53.91 | 25.74 | 25.82 | 24.06 |
| MOR | 3.30 | 2.28 | 2.42 | 2.39 |
| Model fit statistics | ||||
| Bayesian DIC | 4791 | 4581 | 4542 | 4540 |
Abbreviations: SE standard error, DIC deviation information criterion, CrI credible interval, ICC intra-cluster correlation, MOR median odds ratio
aModel 1 is the empty model, a baseline model with no independent variable
bModel 2 is adjusted for age, education, wealth status of family, marital status, occupation, sex of child, birth order, size of child at birth, exposure to media, antenatal care and place of delivery
cModel 3 is additionally adjusted for residency, getting to health facility, ethnicity diversity index and community socioeconomic factors
dModel 4 is additionally adjusted for state-level socioeconomic factors