Table 2.
Demographic and baseline characteristics of patients with septic shock according to the presence of acute kidney injury
| Characteristics | Patients with data available, n | KDIGO 0 (n = 226) |
KDIGO 2–3 (n = 252) |
All patients (n = 478) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 478 | 63.0 (52.0–73.0) | 64.5 (54.0–75.0) | 63.5 (53.0–74.0) | 0.138 |
| Gender (male) | 478 | 155 (68.6%) | 156 (61.9%) | 311 (65.1%) | 0.149 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 476 | 26.0 (23.0–29.0) | 27.3 (24.5–30.5) | 26.5 (23.5–29.5) | 0.001 |
| Arterial hypertension | 476 | 104 (46.4%) | 137 (54.4%) | 241 (50.6%) | 0.098 |
| Diabetes | 478 | 42 (18.6%) | 65 (25.8%) | 107 (22.4%) | 0.062 |
| Arteriosclerosis | 475 | 21 (9.4%) | 36 (14.3%) | 57 (12.0%) | 0.120 |
| COPD | 474 | 28 (12.5%) | 19 (7.6%) | 47 (9.9%) | 0.090 |
| Chronic liver disease | 473 | 10 (4.5%) | 22 (8.8%) | 32 (6.8%) | 0.069 |
| Systolic heart failure | 475 | 22 (9.8%) | 22 (8.8%) | 44 (9.3%) | 0.752 |
| Thromboembolus | 475 | 14 (6.2%) | 14 (5.6%) | 28 (5.9%) | 0.846 |
| Rheumatic diseases | 475 | 19 (8.5%) | 17 (6.8%) | 36 (7.6%) | 0.493 |
| Serum creatinine | |||||
| Baseline (μmol/L) | 478 | 82.5 (69.0–93.4) | 77.0 (67.0–93.0) | 79.7 (67.0–93.0) | 0.236 |
| Maximum (μmol/L) | 478 | 69.0 (50.0–89.0) | 226.5 (166.0–323.0) | 113.5 (67.0–230.0) | <0.0001 |
| Pre-ICU daily medication | |||||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 465 | 78 (35.6%) | 96 (39.0%) | 174 (37.4%) | 0.502 |
| NSAID | 453 | 21 (9.8%) | 35 (14.6%) | 56 (12.4%) | 0.152 |
| Aspirin | 471 | 52 (23.4%) | 59 (23.7%) | 111 (23.6%) | 1.000 |
| Diuretic | 468 | 57 (26.0%) | 76 (30.5%) | 133 (28.4%) | 0.305 |
| Metformin | 473 | 30 (13.5%) | 38 (15.2%) | 68 (14.4%) | 0.602 |
| Statin | 469 | 55 (24.9%) | 61 (24.6%) | 116 (24.7%) | 1.000 |
| Immunosuppressives | 471 | 19 (8.5%) | 26 (10.5%) | 45 (9.6%) | 0.531 |
| Corticosteroids | 474 | 26 (11.6%) | 29 (11.6% | 55 (11.6%) | 1.000 |
| Warfarin | 472 | 26 (11.7%) | 34 (13.6%) | 60 (12.7%) | 0.581 |
| Treatments administered 48 h before admission | |||||
| Contrast medium | 477 | 58 (25.8%) | 46 (18.3%) | 104 (21.8%) | 0.059 |
| Aminoglycoside antibiotics | 478 | 2 (0.9%) | 5 (2.0% | 7 (1.5%) | 0.455 |
| Peptidoglycan antibiotics | 478 | 12 (5.3%) | 10 (4.0%) | 22 (4.6%) | 0.519 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 468 | 43 (19.3%) | 62 (25.3%) | 105 (22.4%) | 0.122 |
| NSAID | 448 | 28 (13.4%) | 36 (15.1%) | 64 (14.3%) | 0.685 |
| Amfoterisin B | 478 | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0.500 |
| Diuretics | 464 | 70 (32.1%) | 97 (39.4%) | 167 (36.0%) | 0.121 |
| Colloids (gelatin or starch) | 452 | 76 (36.4%) | 105 (43.2%) | 181 (40.0%) | 0.149 |
| Albumin | 474 | 4 (1.8%) | 6 (2.4%) | 10 (2.1%) | 0.756 |
| Emergency admission | 474 | 217 (97.3%) | 245 (97.6%) | 462 (97.5%) | 1.000 |
| Operative admission | 477 | 69 (30.5%) | 58 (23.1%) | 127 (26.6%) | 0.078 |
| SAPS II score 24 h without renal and age components | 475 | 25.0 (19.0–33.0) | 26.0 (21.0–37.0) | 26.0 (20.0–35.0) | 0.054 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 478 | 177 (78.3%) | 197 (78.2%) | 374 (78.2%) | 1.000 |
| White blood cell count, maximum (109/L) | 428 | 12.1 (8.7–16.8) | 12.8 (7.6–18.7) | 12.3 (8.1–17.4) | 0.794 |
| Platelet count, minimum (109/L) | 458 | 191.0 (140.0–260.0) | 177.0 (108.5–259.0) | 185.0 (121.0–259.0) | 0.065 |
| Source of infection | 478 | 0.001 | |||
| Lung | 114 (50.4%) | 83 (32.9%) | 197 (41.2%) | ||
| Abdomen | 46 (20.4%) | 68 (27.0%) | 114 (23.8%) | ||
| Urinary tract | 7 (3.1%) | 20 (7.9%) | 27 (5.6%) | ||
| Skin | 16 (7.1%) | 22 (8.7%) | 38 (7.9%) | ||
| Others | 11 (4.9) | 8 (3.2%) | 19 (4.0%) | ||
| Multiple sources | 13 (5.8%) | 14 (5.6%) | 27 (5.6%) | ||
| Unknown source of infection | 19 (8.4%) | 37 (14.7%) | 56 (11.7%) | ||
Results presented as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and total number (percent of affected in a group) for categorical variables. Continuous variables analyzed by the independent samples Mann-Whitney U test and categorical variables by Fisher’s exact test. KDIGO Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AR B angiotensin receptor blocker, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, SAPS simplified acute physiology score