Table 2.
Changes in clinical parameters between baseline and three years later in smokers and in non-smokers
| Smokers | Non-smokers | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 38 | n = 32 | ||||||||
| Baseline | Three years | Changes | p | Baseline | Three years | Changes | P | Comparison | |
| ln total1 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.7 | −0.50 ± 1.57 | 0.061 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 1.4 | −0.11 ± 0.95 | 0.681 | 0.218 |
| ln LF1 | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | −0.79 ± 1.73 | 0.049* | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | −0.09 ± 0.96 | 0.715 | 0.133 |
| ln HF1 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.7 | −0.44 ± 1.67 | 0.136 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | −0.85 ± 1.17 | 0.915 | 0.304 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 4.0 | 21.1 ± 3.6 | −1.56 ± 3.64 | 0.020* | 21.7 ± 4.0 | 20.8 ± 3.9 | −0.92 ± 2.17 | 0.022* | 0.373 |
| ALB (g/dL) | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | −0.03 ± 0.38 | 0.564 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | −0.15 ± 0.46 | 0.076 | 0.240 |
| BS (mg/dL) | 89.7 ± 17.4 | 87.6 ± 14.6 | −1.7 ± 18.6 | 0.568 | 87.5 ± 15.5 | 87.7 ± 14.1 | 0.16 ± 16.2 | 0.957 | 0.654 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 119.0 ± 33.2 | 115.6 ± 36.2 | −2.3 ± 39.0 | 0.717 | 108.4 ± 29.6 | 110.2 ± 27.3 | 1.7 ± 29.2 | 0.740 | 0.631 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 200.4 ± 42.2 | 190.4 ± 42.2 | −10.4 ± 52.1 | 0.291 | 183.9 ± 32.0 | 186.3 ± 35.1 | 2.4 ± 27.2 | 0.620 | 0.421 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 118.9 ± 91.1 | 100.0 ± 48.0 | −18.9 ± 93.1 | 0.212 | 86.0 ± 43.2 | 96.1 ± 40.8 | 10.2 ± 46.2 | 0.223 | 0.096 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 60.4 ± 16.6 | 70.3 ± 18.0 | 9.92 ± 18.2 | 0.002* | 55.9 ± 13.2 | 64.0 ± 18.9 | 8.1 ± 13.5 | 0.002* | 0.635 |
| CPZeq2 (mg) | 1229 ± 750 | 1008 ± 646 | −221 ± 576 | 0.031* | 1162 ± 792 | 1075 ± 810 | −86.7 ± 489 | 0.323 | 0.302 |
| BPDeq2 (mg) | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 2.3 ± 1.7 | −0.63 ± 1.7 | 0.018* | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 1.7 | 0.15 ± 1.8 | 0.623 | 0.061 |
| DZPeq2 (mg) | 10.1 ± 6.9 | 8.6 ± 6.9 | −1.5 ± 6.4 | 0.190 | 9.3 ± 7.4 | 9.1 ± 7.4 | −0.12 ± 6.6 | 0.914 | 0.379 |
| GAF score | 28.9 ± 3.1 | 27.9 ± 4.1 | −1.1 ± 3.1 | 0.444 | 29.2 ± 2.2 | 29.4 ± 2.1 | 0.15 ± 1.5 | 0.572 | 0.040* |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviation
*Significant difference p < 0.05
1Logarithmic conversion was performed
2The daily dose of antipsychotics was converted to the approximate respective equivalent dose
LF Low frequency, HF High frequency, BMI Body mass index, ALB Albumin, BS Blood sugar, LDL-C Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC Total cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CPZeq Equivalent conversions of chlorpromazine, BDPeq Equivalent conversions of biperiden, DZP Equivalent conversions of diazepam, GAF Global Assessment of Functioning