Table 5.

Summary of the 3D shape changes (warped surfaces) of the bony labyrinths of musteloids along PC1, PC2 and PC3

Negative values	Positive values
PC1
Shorter and slightly curved common crus	Longer and more straight common crus
Circular anterior canal	Oval anterior canal
Smaller angle between lateral and anterior canals (< 90°)	Larger angle between lateral and anterior canals
Lateral canal concave anteriorly	Lateral canal convex anteriorly
Smaller lateral canal	Long U‐shaped lateral canal
More dorsal position of the posterior branch of the lateral canal relative to the posterior ampulla	Less dorsal position of the posterior branch of the lateral canal relative to the posterior ampulla
Posterior canal more extended laterally and shorter dorsally	Posterior canal more extended dorsally and shorter laterally
Laterally compressed vestibule	Laterally wider vestibule
Lower cochlea	Higher cochlea
Greater degree of curvature of the cochlea	Lesser degree of curvature of the cochlea
Cochlea pointing more ventrally in anterior view	Cochlea pointing more anteriorly in anterior view
PC2
Shorter common crus	Longer common crus
Higher angle between lateral and anterior canals	Smaller angle between lateral and anterior canals (< 90°)
Straight lateral canal	Lateral canal concave laterally and convex anteriorly
Circular lateral canal	Maximum axis of the lateral canal displaced posteriorly
Lack of secondary common crus	Presence of secondary common crus
Smaller angle between posterior and lateral canals (< 90°)	Higher angle between posterior and lateral canals
Higher angle between posterior and anterior canals	Smaller angle between posterior and anterior canals
Laterally wide vestibule	Laterally compressed vestibule
Wider and lower cochlea	Narrower and higher cochlea
Greater degree of curvature of the cochlea	Lesser degree of curvature of the cochlea
Cochlea pointing more medially in anterior view	Cochlea pointing more anteriorly and laterally in anterior view
PC3
Slightly curved common crus	More straight common crus
Lateral canal convex anteriorly and concave laterally	Lateral canal concave anteriorly and convex laterally
Higher angle between anterior and posterior canals (≥ 90°)	Smaller angle between anterior and posterior canals (< 90°)
Lateral canal more laterally extended	Lateral canal less laterally extended
Posterior canal less laterally extended	Posterior canal more laterally extended
More lateral connection between lateral and posterior canals	More medial connection between lateral and posterior canals
Smaller angle between posterior and anterior canals	Higher angle between posterior and anterior canals
Wider and lower cochlea	Narrower and higher cochlea
Greater degree of curvature of the cochlea	Lesser degree of curvature of the cochlea
Cochlea pointing more ventrally in anterior view	Cochlea pointing more anteriorly in anterior view

See Fig. 5 for illustration.