Table 4. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals of GDM in relation to different subtypes of fruit consumption during the second trimester of gestation among participants from the final cohort.
| Fruit tertiles | p trende | Continuous (Per 100 g/d) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1(referent) | T2 | T3 | |||
| Pome | |||||
| Cases/Noncases, n | 66/200 | 62/255 | 41/148 | 169/603 | |
| Intake, medians (P25, P75) (g/d) | 67 (0, 67) | 167 (133, 200) | 267 (267, 400) | 133 (67, 200) | |
| Crude ORa | 1 | 0.78 (0.52, 1.17) | 0.59 (0.37, 0.96) | 0.030 | 0.86 (0.74, 0.99) |
| Model 1b | 1 | 1.03 (0.64, 1.67) | 0.57 (0.32, 1.00) | 0.079 | 0.85 (0.72, 0.99) |
| Model 2c | 1 | 1.09 (0.65, 1.81) | 0.78 (0.43, 1.43) | 0.493 | 0.94 (0.79, 1.13) |
| Model 3d | 1 | 1.15 (0.65, 2.02) | 0.86 (0.45, 1.64) | 0.702 | 1.00 (0.84, 1.21) |
| Citrus | |||||
| Cases/Noncases, n | 89/366 | 11/57 | 69/180 | 169/603 | |
| Intake, medians (P25, P75) (g/d) | 0 (0, 0) | 45 (27, 50) | 167 (100, 250) | 0 (0, 99) | |
| Crude OR a | 1 | 1.14 (0.56, 2.30) | 1.86 (1.27, 2.71) | 0.002 | 1.38 (1.16, 1.65) |
| Model 1b | 1 | 0.82 (0.34, 2.02) | 2.09 (1.32, 3.32) | 0.001 | 1.47 (1.18, 1.82) |
| Model 2c | 1 | 0.84 (0.32, 2.17) | 1.79 (1.10, 2.93) | 0.013 | 1.35 (1.08, 1.69) |
| Model 3d | 1 | 1.04 (0.37, 2.93) | 2.26 (1.29, 3.99) | 0.005 | 1.47 (1.16, 1.86) |
| Berry | |||||
| Cases/Noncases, n | 42/236 | 43/194 | 84/173 | 169/603 | |
| Intake, medians (P25, P75) (g/d) | 0 (0, 0) | 17 (7, 27) | 73 (50, 108) | 14 (0, 50) | |
| Crude OR a | 1 | 1.24 (0.77, 1.98) | 2.10 (1.36, 3.25) | 0.001 | 1.08 (0.77, 1.52) |
| Model 1b | 1 | 1.04 (0.60, 1.81) | 2.10 (1.24, 3.56) | 0.002 | 1.21 (0.81, 1.81) |
| Model 2c | 1 | 0.98 (0.55, 1.76) | 2.44 (1.39, 4.29) | <0.001 | 1.41 (0.89, 2.23) |
| Model 3d | 1 | 0.79 (0.40, 1.55) | 1.69 (0.80, 3.56) | 0.132 | 0.72 (0.40, 1.29) |
| Drupe | |||||
| Cases/Noncases, n | 131/483 | 17/62 | 21/58 | 169/603 | |
| Intake, medians (P25, P75) (g/d) | 0 (0, 0) | 13 (12, 17) | 83 (50, 150) | 0 (0, 0) | |
| Crude OR a | 1 | 1.01 (0.57, 1.79) | 0.88 (0.54, 1.75) | 0.672 | 1.15 (0.85, 1.57) |
| Model 1b | 1 | 0.84 (0.41, 1.71) | 1.12 (0.59, 2.11) | 0.881 | 1.25 (0.89, 1.75) |
| Model 2c | 1 | 1.16 (0.56, 2.43) | 1.71 (0.86, 3.39) | 0.133 | 1.66 (1.10, 2.51) |
| Model 3d | 1 | 1.16 (0.52, 2.57) | 2.40 (1.10, 5.26) | 0.039 | 1.87 (1.20, 2.90) |
| Gourd | |||||
| Cases/Noncases, n | 123/459 | 9/83 | 37/61 | 169/603 | |
| Intake, medians (P25, P75) (g/d) | 0 (0, 0) | 22 (11, 33) | 133 (83, 267) | 0 (0, 0) | |
| Crude OR a | 1 | 0.49 (0.17, 1.46) | 0.97 (0.63, 1.50) | 0.781 | 1.21 (0.74, 1.42) |
| Model 1b | 1 | 0.44 (0.14, 1.41) | 1.17 (0.66, 2.10) | 0.386 | 1.16 (0.96, 1.40) |
| Model 2c | 1 | 0.38 (0.11, 1.31) | 1.32 (0.70, 1.50) | 0.505 | 1.17 (0.96, 1.42) |
| Model 3d | 1 | 0.27 (0.11, 0.66) | 0.94 (0.45, 1.95) | 0.346 | 1.18 (0.95, 1.45) |
| Tropical fruit | |||||
| Cases/Noncases, n | 34/224 | 40/223 | 95/156 | 169/603 | |
| Intake, medians (P25, P75) (g/d) | 0 (0, 7) | 53 (42, 80) | 168 (133, 245) | 6 (53, 133) | |
| Crude OR a | 1 | 1.14 (0.69, 1.87) | 3.22 (2.04, 5.08) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.19, 1.75) |
| Model 1b | 1 | 0.95 (0.53, 1.71) | 3.14 (1.82, 5.40) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.14, 1.74) |
| Model 2c | 1 | 0.94 (0.51, 1.72) | 3.34 (1.89, 5.91) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.20, 1.87) |
| Model 3d | 1 | 0.92 (0.44, 1.92) | 3.73 (1.74, 8.01) | <0.001 | 1.69 (1.28, 2.24) |
aCrude OR was adjusted for the energy intake from other fruit groups and non-fruit food groups according to the energy-partitioning model. bModel 1 was adjusted for the energy intake according to the energy-partitioning model, age, education, occupation, income level, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, family history of diabetes, smoking status and alcohol use. cModel 2 was adjusted for the variables in Model 1 plus the consumption of grain, vegetables, meat and fish. dModel 3 was adjusted for the variables in Model 2 plus GI value of other fruit subgroups and the consumption of other subtypes of fruit. ep for linear trend obtained from models using the median intake of each tertile as continuous variables.