Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of cases with premalignant breast disease and matched controls
| Cases n=147 | Controls n=293 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 44.7 (4.4) | 44.7 (4.3) | |
| <40, n (%) | 15 (10.2%) | 26 (8.9%) | |
| ≥40, n (%) | 132 (89.8%) | 267 (91.1%) | 0.86 |
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) | 0.47 | ||
| Non-Hispanic African American | 32 (21.8%) | 66 (22.5%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 109 (74.1%) | 221 (75.4%) | |
| Other/Unknown | 6 (4.1%) | 6 (2.1%) | |
| Body mass index at blood draw (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29.4 (7.7) | 29.3 (7.0) | 0.89 |
| BMI at age 18 (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 21.5 (4.2) | 21.8 (3.6) | 0.50 |
| Weight change since age 18 (lbs), mean (SD) | 48.9 (42.8) | 44.4 (37.7) | 0.32 |
| Parity and age at first pregnancy, n (%) | 0.19 | ||
| 1–2 pregnancies and age at first birth <25 | 23 (15.6%) | 32 (10.9%) | |
| 1–2 pregnancies and age at first birth ≥25 | 28 (19%) | 63 (21.5%) | |
| ≥3 pregnancies and age at first birth <25 | 32 (21.8%) | 66 (22.5%) | |
| ≥3 pregnancies and age at first birth ≥25 | 26 (17.7%) | 40 (13.7%) | |
| Nulliparous | 27 (18.4%) | 49 (16.7%) | |
| Missing | 11 (7.5%) | 43 (14.7%) | |
| Age at menarche (years) | 12.5 (1.7) | 12.7 (1.8) | 0.14 |
| Menopausal status, n (%) | 0.54 | ||
| Premenopausal | 126 (85.7%) | 237 (80.9%) | |
| Postmenopausal | 21 (14.3%) | 56 (19.1%) | |
| Alcohol intake† , n (%) | 0.41 | ||
| Never | 53 (36.8%) | 94 (36.2%) | |
| ≤1 drink/week | 47 (32.6%) | 100 (38.5%) | |
| >1 drink/week | 44 (30.6%) | 66 (25.4%) | |
| Current smoking‡ , n (%) | 0.04 | ||
| No | 127 (88.8%) | 210 (81.3%) | |
| Yes | 16 (11.2%) | 48 (18.6%) | |
| Family history of breast cancer in first or second degree relatives, n (%) | |||
| No/unknown | 80 (54.4%) | 184 (62.8%) | 0.09 |
| Yes | 67 (45.6%) | 109 (37.2%) | |
| Months between blood draw and diagnosis of premalignant breast disease, mean (SD) | 27.0 (20.0) | - | |
| Carotenoid levels (μg/L), median (10%, 90%) | |||
| α-carotene | 29.0 (7.4, 110.5) | 27.8 (7.0, 103.4) | 0.91 |
| β-carotene | 131.5 (40.4, 379.1) | 130.1 (42.4, 380.1) | 0.87 |
| Lycopene | 397.9 (208.7, 621.6) | 410.8 (207.5, 689.9) | 0.35 |
| Lutein/Zeaxanthin | 134.3 (68.5, 242.2) | 130.5 (67.7, 216.3) | 0.55 |
| β-cryptoxanthin | 61.2 (27.3, 142.0) | 66.9 (32.9, 158.1) | 0.26 |
| Total Carotenoids | 802.4 (436.9, 1353.6) | 829.5 (476.0, 1440.0) | 0.58 |
†
3 cases and 33 controls had no information on alcohol intake
‡
4 cases and 35 controls had no information on smoking