. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017 Feb 11;162(3):571–580. doi: 10.1007/s10549-017-4152-5

Table 2.

Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of premalignant breast disease for tertiles of plasma carotenoid levels

	Cases	Controls	OR (95% CI)^†	OR (95% CI)^‡
Total Carotenoids, ug/L
<666.415	45	97	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)
666.415- <1004.133	57	98	1.26 (0.77, 2.08)	1.13 (0.67, 1.90)
≥1004.133	45	98	0.98 (0.58, 1.67)	0.83 (0.48, 1.44)
			P_trend=0.34	P_trend=0.12
α-carotene, ug/L
<17.898	46	97	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)
17.898- <43.438	56	98	1.22 (0.73, 2.04)	0.99 (0.58, 1.71)
≥43.438	45	98	0.97 (0.55, 1.72)	0.68 (0.37, 1.27)
			P_trend=0.51	P_trend=0.21
β-carotene, ug/L
<95.529	50	97	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)
95.529- <188.283	49	98	0.95 (0.59, 1.54)	0.95 (0.57, 1.57)
≥188.283	48	98	0.92 (0.54, 1.58)	0.76 (0.43, 1.34)
			P_trend=0.79	P_trend=0.44
β-cryptoxanthin, ug/L
<49.226	53	97	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)
49.226- <87.038	51	98	0.96 (0.59, 1.56)	0.92 (0.55, 1.55)
≥87.038	43	98	0.80 (0.48, 1.34)	0.62 (0.36, 1.09)
			P_trend=0.23	P_trend=0.056
Lycopene, ug/L
<343.704	51	97	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)
343.704- <480.980	53	98	1.03 (0.63, 1.69)	1.01 (0.61, 1.69)
≥480.980	43	98	0.85 (0.51, 1.39)	0.81 (0.49, 1.35)
			P_trend=0.16	P_trend=0.12
Lutzein/zeaxanthin, ug/L
<104.963	47	97	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)
104.963- <157.313	51	98	1.07 (0.64, 1.77)	0.95 (0.56, 1.60)
≥157.313	49	98	1.05 (0.63, 1.76)	0.82 (0.47, 1.43)
			P_trend=0.34	P_trend=0.76

^†

ORs were adjusted for age and body mass index at blood draw.

^‡

ORs were further adjusted for family history of breast cancer in a first or second degree relative and current smoking.