Figure 2. Modulation of β-hydroxybutyrate on ER-stress-induced inflammasome formation and the AMPK pathway.
A. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the presence of caspase-1, ASC, NLRP3, β-actin, IL-18, and IL-1β in liver homogenates from β-hydroxybutyrate-treated rats (200 mg·kg−1·day−1 for 5 d). B. To determine ER stress marker changes by β-hydroxybutyrate treatment, the expressions of p-PERK, p-IRE1, and ATF6α were examined. C. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the presence of phosphorylated IRS-1 at Ser 307 and Tyr 632, phosphorylated Akt, and phosphorylated JNK in liver homogenates. D. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the presence of p-AMPK, catalase, and SOD-2 (MnSOD) in liver homogenates.