Table 1. Characteristics of published cohort and case–control studies on pesticide exposure and risk of bladder cancer.

First Author	Published year	Study design	Period	Quality score	Region	Type of Pesticide	gender	Range of pesticide exposure	Variables of adjustment	Expossure assessment
Zahm [24]	1987	case-control	1977-1978	6	America	pesticide	male	Never vs Ever	age, sex	interview
Vecchia [22]	1990	case-control	1985-1988	5	Europe	herbicide	mixed	Never vs Ever	age, sex and smoking	questionnaire
Fincham [26]	1992	case-control	1983-1989	6	America	insecticide	mixed	Never vs Ever	age, smoking	questionnaire
Francois Viel [25]	1995	cohort	1984-1986	7	Europe	pesticide	male	Never vs Ever	age, smoking	database
Wesseling [21]	1999	cohort	1981-1993	6	America	pesticide	male/female	Never vs Ever	smoking	database
Settimi [23]	2001	case-control	1990-1992	6	Europe	pesticide	male	Never vs Ever	age, education level, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, residence, cancer history	interview
Zarzour [19]	2008	case-control	1984-2004	6	Africa	pesticide	mixed	Never vs Ever	smoking status, marital status, education, occupation	interview
Cassidy [27]	2009	Case-control	1999-2009	7	America	pesticide	mixed	Never vs >10 years	age, gender and smoking status	interview
Amr [20]	2015	case-control	2006-2011	7	Africa	pesticide	male	Never vs Ever	education, tobacco smoke, SH infection history, environmental tobacco smoke, age, and area of residence.	database

IWED = Intensity-Weighted Lifetime Exposure Days (LED × intensity level).

LED = Lifetime Exposure Days (years of use × days per year).