Table 4. Meta-analysis of flavan-3-ols consumption and cancer risk.
| Cancer site | No. of studies | RR (95% CI) | Heterogeneity test | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q | P | I2(%) | ||||
| Overall cancer | 43 | 0.935 (0.891-0.981) | 79.002 | 0.000 | 46.837 | |
| Americas | 13 | 0.961 (0.883-1.046) | 42.888 | 0.000 | 72.020 | [33, 37, 44, 71, 73, 74, 81, 82, 93, 94, 97, 100, 102] |
| Europe | 29 | 0.926 (0.880-0.974) | 30.733 | 0.329 | 8.894 | [34-36, 38, 39, 69, 70, 72, 75-80, 83-86, 88-92, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 103] |
| Asia | 1 | 0.73 (0.45-1.18) | [87] | |||
| Bladder | 2 | 0.926 (0.761-1.126) | 0.54 | 0.462 | 0 | [33, 69] |
| Breast | 8 | 0.977 (0.924-1.033) | 5.213 | 0.634 | 0 | [33, 34, 70-75] |
| premenopause | 4 | 0.957 (0.878-1.043) | 1.494 | 0.684 | 0 | [70, 71, 73, 75] |
| postmenopause | 5 | 0.944 (0.865-1.031) | 5.656 | 0.226 | 29.273 | [33, 70, 71, 73, 75] |
| cohort | 4 | 1.009 (0.946-1.075) | 0.76 | 0.859 | 0 | [33, 34, 74, 75] |
| Case-control | 4 | 0.885 (0.790-0.991) | 0.566 | 0.904 | 0 | [70-73] |
| Colorectum | 8 | 0.932 (0.837-1.037) | 11.336 | 0.125 | 38.251 | [33, 35, 44, 76-80] |
| colon | 7 | 0.983 (0.863-1.120) | 10.177 | 0.117 | 41.042 | [33, 35, 44, 76, 78-80] |
| rectum | 7 | 0.838 (0.733-0.958) | 4.857 | 0.562 | 0 | [33, 35, 44, 76, 78-80] |
| cohort | 4 | 0.995 (0.888-1.115) | 3.878 | 0.275 | 22.639 | [33, 35, 44, 77] |
| Case-control | 4 | 0.847 (0.711-1.010) | 4.431 | 0.219 | 32.298 | [76, 78-80] |
| Esophagus | 4 | 0.966 (0.790-1.181) | 1.217 | 0.976 | 0 | [81-84] |
| ESCC | 3 | 0.960 (0.696-1.323) | 0.39 | 0.942 | 0 | [81-83] |
| EAC | 2 | 1.063 (0.755-1.499) | 0.187 | 0.666 | 0 | [81, 82] |
| Stomach | 6 | 0.887 (0.724-1.086) | 8.313 | 0.14 | 39.851 | [33, 82, 85-88] |
| male | 2 | 0.928 (0.677-1.272) | 0.366 | 0.545 | 0 | [87, 88] |
| female | 3 | 0.633 (0.468-0.858) | 0.6 | 0.741 | 0 | [33, 87, 88] |
| Oropharynx and Larynx | 2 | 0.759 (0.581-0.993) | 0.92 | 0.337 | 0 | [89, 90] |
| Liver | 2 | 0.881 (0.622-1.247) | 2.659 | 0.265 | 24.779 | [91, 92] |
| Lung | 7 | 0.854 (0.667-1.094) | 21.753 | 0.001 | 72.417 | [33, 36, 37, 77, 93-95] |
| smokers | 3 | 0.844 (0.527-1.350) | 16.86 | 0 | 88.138 | [37, 93, 94] |
| nonsmokers | 3 | 0.910 (0.658-1.259) | 0.613 | 0.736 | 0 | [37, 93, 94] |
| male | 3 | 0.702 (0.299-1.648) | 9.05 | 0.011 | 77.9 | [36, 77, 93] |
| female | 5 | 0.873 (0.685-1.112) | 13.21 | 0.01 | 69.721 | [33, 37, 93-95] |
| cohort | 4 | 0.856 (0.599-1.223) | 8.564 | 0.036 | 64.972 | [33, 36, 77, 94] |
| Case-control | 3 | 0.854 (0.572-1.275) | 11.128 | 0.004 | 82.027 | [37, 93, 95] |
| Ovary | 2 | 0.851 (0.666-1.088) | 0.436 | 0.509 | 0 | [33, 96] |
| Pancreas | 4 | 0.895 (0.725-1.104) | 5.052 | 0.168 | 40.618 | [33, 39, 97, 98] |
| Prostate | 4 | 1.128 (0.994-1.280) | 4.936 | 0.177 | 39.217 | [38, 77, 99, 100] |
| Kidney | 2 | 0.761 (0.574-1.008) | 0.024 | 0.877 | 0 | [33, 101] |
| Thyroid | 1 | 0.66 (0.51-0.85) | [102] | |||
| Uterus | 2 | 0.995 (0.805-1.229) | 0.002 | 0.963 | 0 | [33, 103] |