Table 1.
cAMP signaling pathway-related IOP reducing drugs used in glaucoma treatment
| Drug target | Subtype | GPCR type | ACs type | Available drugs | Drug type | Mechanisms of action | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflow | α-ARs (2, 52) | α1 | Gq | - | Apraclonidine | Agonists | Decrease inflow |
| α2 | Gi | tmAC | Brimonidine | ||||
| β-ARs (2, 152) | β1 | Gs | tmAC | Timolol, betaxol, carteolol and levobunolol | Blockers | Decrease inflow | |
| β2 | Gs and Gi | tmAC | |||||
| β3 | Gs | tmAC | |||||
| CA (2, 63) | - | sAC? | Dorzolamide, brinzolamide, acetazolamide and methazolamide | Inhibitors | Decrease inflow | ||
| Outflow | CRs (2, 77) | M1 | Gq (153) and Gs (154, 155) | tmAC | Pilocarpine, carbachol | Agonists | Increase outflow |
| M2 | Gi | tmAC | |||||
| M3 | Gq (154–156) | - | |||||
| M4 | Gi (157) | tmAC | |||||
| M5 | Gq (158) | - | |||||
| PGR (EP4) (80) | Gs | tmAC | - | Agonists | Increase outflow | ||
| PGR (F) (2, 79) | Gq | - | Latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost and tafluprost | PGF2α analogues | Increase outflow |
ARs, adrenergic receptors; CA, Carbonic anhydrase; CRs, Cholinergic receptors; PGR, Prostaglandin receptor; sAC, soluble adenylyl cyclase; tmACs, transmembrane adenylyl cyclases.