Table 1.
Synoptic table of results in literature.
| Reference | Level of evidence | Study design | Sample size (n) | Pathology | Record | Stimulus location | Stimulus frequency Hz (amplitude mm) | Main contribution, comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lücke 1973 (2) | 3 | RCS | 65 | Unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) patients, central patients | Frenzel | Face cranium vertex necknape | 100 | First incidental observation of a vibration-induced nystagmus (VIN) in a UVL patient |
| Lackner and Graybiel 1974 (11) | 2 | PCS | 6 | Normal subjects | Frenzel | Face, mastoids, cervical | 40–280 optimal 120–180 | Vibrations induce postural, visual illusions, rare VIN in normal subjects |
| Yagi and Ohyama 1996 (32) | 3 | PCS | 11 | UVL | VNG3D | Dorsal neck muscles | 115 (1 mm) | Vibrations induce in UVL compensated patients a VIN (Hor and Vert components) related to vestibular decompensation |
| Strupp et al. 1998 (33) | 2 | PCS | 25 | VN | VNG, SVSA | Neck muscles | 100 | Somatosensory substitution of vestibular function in UVL patients |
| 25 | Controls | |||||||
| Popov et al. 1999 (40) | 2 | PCS | 4 | UVL | Scleral, coils, visual illusions | Neck vibration | 90 (0.5 mm) | Propriogyral illusion secondary to vibration-induced eye movement (COR) |
| 5 | Controls | |||||||
| Hamann and Schuster 1999 (3) | 3 | RCS | 60 | Peripheral UVL benign positional paroxystic vertigo | VNS VNG2D | Mastoid | 60, 100 | In UVL, a lesionnal VIN is observed in peripheral diseases and seldom in BPPV and in central patients. Optimal stim 60 Hz |
| 40 | BSL | |||||||
| Dumas et al. 1999 (4) | 3 | RCS | 80 | UVL: TUVL (TA, VNT) PUVL (MD, VN, VS) | VNS, VNG3D | Mastoid, vertex | 100 (0.2 mm) | VIN: 3 components in TUVL. VIN characteristics, technical conditions, sensitivity, specificity |
| 10 | BSL | |||||||
| 100 | Controls | |||||||
| Dumas et al. 2000 (5) | 3 | RCS | 46 | UVL | VNS, VNG3D | Mastoid, vertex | 20–150 (0.2 mm) | VIN SPV amplitude; location and frequency stimulus optimization. A vestibular Weber test |
| 105 | Controls | |||||||
| Karlberg et al. 2003 (13) | 3 | PCS | 18 | UVL (VN, VNT) | Scleral Coils, SVH | Mastoid, posterior neck | 92 (0.6 mm) | SVH shift is explained by vibration-induced ocular torsion whose magnitude is related to the extent of UVL deficit |
| Ohki et al. 2003 (12) | 3 | RCS | 100 | UVL (VN, MD, VS) | VNG | Mastoid, forehead | 100 | In UVL patients VIN is correlated with CaT hypofunction |
| Nuti and Mandala 2005 (21) | 3 | RCS | 28 | VN | VNG | Mastoid | 60–120 | Sensitivity 75%, specificity 100% VIN beats usually toward the intact side |
| 25 | Controls | |||||||
| Magnusson et al. 2006 (31) | 2 | PCS | 10 | Normal subjects | Posture | Mastoid, neck | 85 (1 mm) 55 (0.4 mm) | Cervical muscle afferents play a dominant role over vestibular afferents during bilateral vibration of the neck |
| Dumas et al. 2007 (10) | 3 | RCS | 4,800 | TUVL, PUVL, brainstem lesion | VNS, VNG | Mastoid, vertex | 100 (1 mm) | VIN is observed in 98% TUVL,75% PUVL, 34% BSL |
| Hong et al. 2007 (22) | 3 | RCS | 52 | MD Unilat | VNS, VNG, head-shaking-nystagmus (HSN), CaT | Mastoid | 100 | VIN is usually correlated with CaT hypofunction. VIN beats frequently ipsilaterally toward MD side |
| White et al. 2007 (41) | 3 | RCS | 8 | SCD | VNS, VNG 2D | Mastoid, vertex, suboccip. | 100 | Vibrations induce a torsional VIN beating toward the SCD and down beating suggesting the stimulation of the dehiscent SSCC |
| Dumas et al. 2008 (26) | 3 | RCS | 131 | TUVL (TA, VNT) | VNS, VNG 2D 3D | Mastoid, vertex (cervical) |
100 (1 mm) | VIN: 3 components (H,V,T), SVINT: a bilateral stimulation, sensitivity 98%, specificity 94%, SPV:10.7°/s; SD = 7.5, VIN is always beating toward the intact side |
| 95 | Controls | |||||||
| Manzari et al. 2008 (42) | 3 | RCS | 16 | SCD | VNG3D | Mastoid | 100 | Vibrations induce a VIN with a torsional component beating toward the lesion side |
| Park et al. 2008 (23) | 3 | RCS | 19 | VN | VNG | Mastoid | 100 | Clinical significance of VIN |
| 22 | Controls | |||||||
| Park et al. 2010 (24) | 2 | PCS | 26 | VN | VNG | Mastoid | 100 | VIN clinical significance, reliability |
| Aw et al. 2011 (43) | 3 | RCS | 17 | SCD | Scleral coils | Mastoid | 500 | Eye slow torsional component ViVOR is directed toward the intact side: vibrations stimulate the anterior dehiscent canal |
| Dumas et al. 2011 (27) | 3 | RCS | 99 | PUVL (VN, VS, MD, CL) | VNG 2D | Mastoid, vertex | 30, 60, 100 (1 mm) | Sensitivity 75%. VIN beats toward safe side in 91%. skull vibration-induced nystagmus test complements CaT, HST in vestibular multifrequential analysis |
| Kawase 2011 (44) | 3 | RCS | 14 | 7 pre-surgical VS, 7 post-surgical VS | VNG, SVV | Neck muscles | 110 | Ipsilat. vibrations increase SVV deviation, VIN is correlated to SVV alteration, VIN is not modified by the side of the stimulation |
| Koo et al. 2011 (19) | 3 | RCS | 74 | VS | VNG | Mastoid | 100 | Comparison of sensitivity of VIN and other vestibular tests in the YAW axis in VN. VIN is observed in 86% of cases in correlation with CaT Hypofunction. VIN beats toward the intact side in 98% VIN is observed in 86% of cases in correlation with CaT Hypofunction. VIN beats toward the intact side in 98% |
| 24 | Controls | HST CaT | ||||||
| Dumas et al. 2013 (30) | 2 | RCS | 9 | Profound compensated long-standing UVL | VNG 2D, posturog | Mastoid, vertex (cervical) |
100 | VIN beats toward the intact side in 100% of cases, No measurable postural changes in EC condition in long standing compensated severe UVL patients |
| 12 | Control | |||||||
| Xie et al. 2013 (20) | 3 | RCS | 112 | UVL | VNG, HST CaT | Mastoids | 100 | VIN is observed in 91% of peripheral UVL. It is more frequent and important when CaT canal paresis augments. VIN usually beats toward the healthy side except in MD VIN specificity is 100% |
| 30 | Controls | |||||||
| Dumas et al. 2014 (7) | 3 | RCS | 17 | SCD (unilateral) | VNG 3D, cVEMP, CaT, VHIT | Mastoid, vertex | 60,100 (1 mm) | In Unilat SCD, a VIN is observed in 86% cases. Horizotal and Torsional components beat toward lesion side. The VIN vert. component is most often up beating. Higher responses are obtained on vertex location |
| 12 | Control | |||||||
| Park et al. 2014 (25) | 3 | RCS | 11 | SCD | Mastoid | 100 | VIN horizontal component beats toward the lesion side | |
| Lee et al. 2015 (45) | 3 | RCS | 87 | MD | VNG | Mastoid | 100 | In MD, VIN and HSN are not always in the same direction |
| Front | ||||||||
| Dumas et al. 2016 (46) | 2 | PCS | 11 | Normal subjects | Piezoelectric sensor | Mastoid; vertex; neck | 100 | Vibration transfer is more efficient from one mastoid to the other one |
RCS, Retrospective Clinical Study; PCS; Prospective Clinical Study; TUVL, total unilateral vestibular lesion; PUVL, partial unilateral vestibular lesion; VN, vestibular neuritis; MD, Meniere’s disease; VS, vestibular Schwannoma; CL, chemical labyrinthectomy (Gentamicin); SCD, superior semicircular canal dehiscence; TA, translabyrinthine approach (for VS surgery); VNT, vestibular neurotomy; BSL, brainstem lesion; VNG, videonystagmography; VNS, videonystagmoscopy; 3D, 3-dimensional study of the nystagmus; 2D, 2-dimensional study; SSC, scleral searching coils; SVV, subjective visual vertical; SVH, subjective visual horizontal; SVSA, subjective visual straight ahead; CaT, caloric test; cVEMP, cervical evoked myogenic potentials; VIN, vibration induced nystagmus; HSN, head shaking nystagmus; COR, cervico–ocular reflex; EC, eye closed.