Fig. 5. Representative ultrastructure images showing the autophagic structure in the neuronal cell body of the cerebral cortex or brainstem following 4 weeks of exposure to RF-EMF.

Ultrastructural comparison of autophagy between sham control vs RF-EMF exposed group. Representative TEM micrographs were acquired from sham control (a and c) and RF-EMF exposed mice (b and d). Autophagosome (Ap) and autolysosome (Aly) were clearly observed in RF-EMF exposed cortex. Abbreviations are: Ap, autophagosome; Aly, autolysosome; G, Golgi apparatus; M, mitochondria; N, nucleus; Ph, phagophore; RER, rough endoplasmic reticulum. Size bars: 500 nm.