TABLE 1—
Descriptive Characteristics by Housing Assistance Timing and Program Category: Linked NHIS–HUD Data, United States, 1999–2012
| Public Housing |
Housing Choice Vouchers |
Multifamily Housing |
||||
| Characteristic | Currenta | Futureb | Currenta | Futureb | Currenta | Futureb |
| No. | 2065 | 1105 | 3822 | 1792 | 2808 | 1194 |
| HUD-assisted, y, mean ±SD | 3.1 ±0.5 | . . . | 3.1 ±0.4 | . . . | 3.1 ±0.5 | . . . |
| Age, y, mean ±SD | 49.1 ±1.2** | 43.4 ±1.0 | 42.5 ±0.4** | 39.2 ±0.5 | 52.5 ±1.3** | 47.5 ±1.0 |
| Women, % (SE) | 72.3 (1.5) | 71.1 (1.7) | 78.8 (0.9) | 76.4 (1.3) | 73.4 (1.4) | 70.4 (1.6) |
| Household size, mean ±SD | 2.8 ±1.6 | 2.9 ±1.8 | 3.0 ±1.5 | 3.0 ±1.7 | 2.9 ±1.6 | 2.7 ±1.6 |
| Children present, % (SE) | 40.9 (2.7) | 47.4 (2.5) | 55.4 (1.1)* | 61.6 (1.5) | 33.2 (2.6) | 37.5 (2.1) |
| Race/ethnicity, % (SE) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 34.0 (3.2) | 34.0 (2.4) | 37.5 (1.4) | 37.7 (1.6) | 50.3 (2.8) | 55.9 (2.4) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 39.3 (3.3) | 42.1 (2.5) | 37.9 (1.2) | 38.5 (1.6) | 27.9 (2.4) | 26.3 (2.0) |
| Non-Hispanic other | 5.6 (1.9) | 3.8 (0.8) | 4.9 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.7) | 5.4 (0.8) | 4.3 (0.8) |
| Hispanic | 21.1 (2.3) | 20.1 (2.3) | 19.7 (0.9) | 19.4 (1.3) | 16.4 (1.6) | 13.5 (1.7) |
| Education, % (SE) | ||||||
| < high school | 40.8 (2.0) | 39.3 (1.7) | 32.5 (0.9) | 32.6 (1.3) | 38.7 (1.5) | 36.7 (1.7) |
| High school | 29.9 (1.4) | 33.7 (1.6) | 29.8 (0.9) | 28.5 (1.3) | 31.7 (1.3) | 32.0 (1.7) |
| > high school | 29.2 (1.4) | 27.0 (1.7) | 37.7 (1.0) | 38.8 (1.6) | 29.5 (1.3) | 31.3 (1.6) |
| Poverty status, % of FPL (SE) | ** | ** | ** | |||
| < 50 | 23.8 (1.7) | 19.9 (1.5) | 23.4 (0.8) | 22.6 (1.2) | 22.3 (1.7) | 17.4 (1.4) |
| 50–99 | 41.4 (1.6) | 34.9 (1.7) | 42.5 (0.9) | 35.4 (1.4) | 42.0 (1.2) | 29.5 (1.2) |
| 100–199 | 26.5 (1.3) | 30.3 (1.7) | 28.1 (0.9) | 29.7 (1.4) | 29.9 (1.3) | 37.9 (1.7) |
| ≥ 200 | 8.3 (0.7) | 14.9 (1.5) | 6.0 (0.5) | 12.2 (1.0) | 5.8 (0.6) | 15.1 (1.3) |
| Employment status, % (SE) | * | * | * | |||
| Employed | 28.9 (1.5) | 36.2 (1.8) | 35.4 (0.9) | 39.9 (1.5) | 22.7 (1.4) | 31.9 (1.9) |
| Unemployed | 8.5 (0.9) | 8.1 (1.0) | 11.5 (0.7) | 10.6 (0.7) | 8.5 (1.0) | 9.3 (1.2) |
| Not in labor force | 61.2 (1.9) | 54.6 (1.9) | 51.1 (1.0) | 47.9 (1.5) | 66.5 (2.0) | 56.2 (1.9) |
| Missing | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.5) |
| Insurance status, % (SE) | ** | ** | ** | |||
| Private insurance | 9.0 (0.9) | 17.7 (1.5) | 11.4 (0.6) | 13.3 (1.1) | 5.7 (0.6) | 14.5 (1.3) |
| Public insurance | 73.1 (1.5) | 62.5 (2.0) | 70.0 (1.0) | 63.8 (1.5) | 80.5 (1.3) | 65.6 (1.9) |
| No insurance | 17.7 (1.3) | 19.4 (1.6) | 18.4 (0.8) | 22.9 (1.3) | 13.5 (1.2) | 20.0 (1.6) |
| Received SNAP or WIC, % (SE) | 56.8 (2.2)** | 45.9 (2.0) | 61.3 (1.0)** | 53.9 (1.5) | 52.3 (2.0)** | 41.9 (2.1) |
| Health status,c % (SE) | ||||||
| Fair or poor | 35.2 (1.3) | 37.6 (1.8) | 36.0 (1.0) | 34.0 (1.3) | 32.1 (1.2) | 34.4 (1.7) |
| Good, very good, or excellent | 64.8 (1.3) | 62.4 (1.8) | 64.0 (1.0) | 66.0 (1.3) | 67.9 (1.2) | 65.6 (1.7) |
| Psychological distress,c % (SE) | * | |||||
| Serious distress | 10.1 (0.9) | 13.8 (1.5) | 12.8 (0.8) | 11.7 (1.0) | 12.2 (0.9) | 11.1 (1.2) |
| Not serious distress | 89.9 (0.9) | 86.2 (1.5) | 87.2 (0.8) | 88.3 (1.0) | 87.8 (0.9) | 88.9 (1.2) |
| Census tract characteristics, % (SE) | ||||||
| Neighborhood disadvantage | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.0)** | 0.7 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.1)** | 0.5 (0.1) |
| Neighborhood instability | −0.2 (0.1)* | 0.1 (0.1) | −0.1 (0.0)* | 0.0 (0.0) | −0.1 (0.1) | −0.1 (0.0) |
| Racial/ethnic composition, % (SE) | ||||||
| > 90 White | 13.2 (3.3) | 16.2 (2.0) | 20.0 (1.4) | 19.2 (1.5) | 23.3 (3.3) | 26.8 (2.4) |
| > 50 Hispanic | 14.9 (2.8) | 15.8 (2.4) | 11.0 (0.8) | 11.9 (1.0) | 7.9 (1.4) | 5.8 (1.1) |
| > 90 Black | 6.7 (1.6) | 7.4 (1.6) | 5.1 (0.6) | 5.5 (0.7) | 5.3 (1.6) | 4.4 (0.8) |
| Mixed race | 65.2 (4.1) | 60.7 (3.0) | 64.0 (1.6) | 63.4 (1.7) | 63.7 (3.6) | 63.1 (2.5) |
Note. FPL = federal poverty level; HUD = US Department of Housing and Urban Development; NHIS = National Health Interview Survey; SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Statistical differences in distribution are between current and future in each program category. For categorical variables, significance refers to the χ2 test. FPL determined by the US Census Bureau in the year of interview.
a
Receiving housing assistance at interview.
b
To receive housing assistance within 2 years of interview.
c
Totals are age-standardized.
*P < .05; **P < .01.