TABLE 2—
Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) of Fair or Poor Health and Serious Psychological Distress as a Function of Housing Timing and Program Category: Linked NHIS–HUD Data, United States, 1999–2012
| Housing Timing (Future)a | Fair or Poor Health (n = 12 786), OR (95% CI) | Serious Psychological Distress (n = 11 411), OR (95% CI) |
| Current | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.33) |
| Program category | ||
| Housing choice vouchers (Ref) | 1 | 1 |
| Public housing | 1.29 (1.04, 1.61) | 1.38 (1.00, 1.90) |
| Multifamily housing | 1.06 (0.86, 1.31) | 0.92 (0.68, 1.34) |
| Interactions | ||
| Current × public housing | 0.73 (0.56, 0.95) | 0.56 (0.46, 0.83) |
| Current × multifamily housing | 0.73 (0.57, 0.93) | 0.95 (0.64, 1.41) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 1 | 1 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.92 (0.86, 1.09) | 0.56 (0.46, 0.68) |
| Non-Hispanic other | 0.92 (0.70, 1.21) | 0.87 (0.58, 1.29) |
| Hispanic | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | 1.07 (0.84, 1.35) |
| Household size | 0.99 (0.92, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.30) |
| Children in household | 0.71 (0.59, 0.87) | 0.60 (0.42, 0.87) |
| Education | ||
| Less than high school (Ref) | 1 | 1 |
| High school | 0.82 (0.73, 0.92) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.03) |
| More than high school | 0.74 (0.66, 0.83) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) |
| Employment status | ||
| Employed (Ref) | 1 | 1 |
| Unemployed | 1.45 (1.16, 1.81) | 2.08 (1.44, 2.99) |
| Not in labor force | 2.98 (2.59, 3.44) | 2.54 (2.18, 3.35) |
| Poverty status, % of FPL | ||
| < 50 (Ref) | 1 | 1 |
| 50–99 | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) | 0.83 (0.68, 1.03) |
| 100–199 | 0.96 (0.20, 1.11) | 0.71 (0.48, 1.02) |
| ≥ 200 | 0.79 (0.61, 0.97) | 0.61 (0.41, 0.93) |
| Insurance status | ||
| Private (Ref) | 1 | 1 |
| Public insurance | 1.67 (1.33, 2.10) | 1.30 (0.89, 1.90) |
| No insurance | 1.35 (1.06, 1.72) | 1.18 (0.79, 1.76) |
| Other assistance | ||
| Received SNAP | 1.28 (1.12, 1.45) | 1.33 (1.10, 1.62) |
| Received WIC | 0.65 (0.50, 0.84) | 1.08 (0.76, 1.52) |
| Census tract characteristics | ||
| Neighborhood disadvantage | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) |
| Neighborhood instability | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) |
| Racial composition | ||
| > 90% White (Ref) | 1 | 1 |
| > 90% Black | 0.99 (0.75, 1.30) | 0.94 (0.57, 1.54) |
| > 50% Hispanic | 0.89 (0.70, 1.12) | 0.74 (0.52, 1.06) |
| Mixed race | 1.00 (0.87, 1.15) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.06) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; FPL = federal poverty level; HUD = US Department of Housing and Urban Development; NHIS = National Health Interview Survey; OR = odds ratio; SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Models included age, age2, gender, interview year, individual-level economic and demographic characteristics, and neighborhood-level characteristics. FPL determined by the agency in the year of interview.
Noncurrent but will receive housing assistance within 24 months.