TABLE 1—
Analyses of Covariance Examining Between-Group Differences in Changes in State Overall Suicide Rates in States With and Without Specific Laws Regulating Handgun Ownership and Exposure: United States, 2013−2014
| Law | b | SE | 95% CI | ηp2 |
| Universal background checks, R2 = 0.28 | ||||
| % gun ownership in state | –0.01 | 0.02 | –0.06, 0.03 | 0.01 |
| % citizens ≥ 25 y with college degree | 0.08 | 0.06 | –0.05, 0.20 | 0.04 |
| % White | –0.03 | 0.01 | –0.06, 0.00 | 0.08 |
| Median age | 0.10 | 0.09 | –0.08, 0.29 | 0.03 |
| 2013 population | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.04 |
| % 2013 population below federal poverty line | 0.04 | 0.08 | –0.12, 0.20 | 0.01 |
| 2013 population density | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.01 |
| 2013 suicide rate | –0.10 | 0.10 | –0.31, 0.11 | 0.02 |
| 2013 statewide rate of serious suicidal ideation | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.01 | 0.08 |
| 2013 depression rate | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.08 |
| Mean statewide elevation above sea level | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.02 |
| Universal background checks | 1.15 | 0.55 | 0.04, 2.26 | 0.10 |
| Mandatory waiting periods, R2 = 0.29 | ||||
| % gun ownership in state | 0.01 | 0.02 | –0.04, 0.05 | 0.00 |
| % citizens ≥ 25 y with college degree | 0.06 | 0.06 | –0.07, 0.18 | 0.02 |
| % White | –0.02 | 0.01 | –0.05, 0.00 | 0.07 |
| Median age | 0.13 | 0.09 | –0.06, 0.31 | 0.05 |
| 2013 population | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.01 |
| % 2013 population below federal poverty line | 0.00 | 0.08 | –0.17, 0.17 | 0.00 |
| 2013 population density | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 2013 suicide rate | –0.07 | 0.10 | –0.27, 0.13 | 0.01 |
| 2013 statewide rate of serious suicidal ideation | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.02 |
| 2013 depression rate | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.03 |
| Mean statewide elevation above sea level | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.01 |
| Mandatory waiting periods | 1.09 | 0.50 | 0.07, 2.10 | 0.11 |
| Universal background checks + mandatory waiting periods, R2 = 0.36 | ||||
| % gun ownership in state | –0.01 | 0.02 | –0.05, 0.04 | 0.00 |
| % citizens ≥ 25 y with college degree | 0.06 | 0.06 | –0.06, 0.19 | 0.03 |
| % White | –0.03 | 0.01 | –0.06, 0.00 | 0.09 |
| Median age | 0.14 | 0.09 | –0.04, 0.33 | 0.07 |
| 2013 population | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.01 |
| % 2013 population below federal poverty line | –0.01 | 0.08 | –0.18, 0.15 | 0.00 |
| 2013 population density | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 2013 suicide rate | –0.13 | 0.10 | –0.33, 0.08 | 0.04 |
| 2013 statewide rate of serious suicidal ideation | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.06 |
| 2013 depression rate | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.07 |
| Mean statewide elevation above sea level | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.03 |
| Universal background checks + mandatory waiting periods | 2.29 | 0.68 | 0.93, 3.65 | 0.20 |
| Gun lock requirements in at least some circumstances, R2 = 0.21 | ||||
| % gun ownership in state | 0.00 | 0.02 | –0.05, 0.05 | 0.00 |
| % citizens ≥ 25 y with college degree | 0.09 | 0.07 | –0.05, 0.22 | 0.05 |
| % White | –0.02 | 0.02 | –0.05, 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Median age | 0.09 | 0.10 | –0.10, 0.29 | 0.03 |
| 2013 population | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.02 |
| % 2013 population below federal poverty line | 0.08 | 0.08 | –0.09, 0.24 | 0.02 |
| 2013 population density | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.02 |
| 2013 suicide rate | –0.05 | 0.11 | –0.27, 0.17 | 0.01 |
| 2013 statewide rate of serious suicidal ideation | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.03 |
| 2013 depression rate | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.04 |
| Mean statewide elevation above sea level | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.01 |
| Gun lock requirements in at least some circumstances | 0.62 | 0.81 | –1.02, 2.25 | 0.02 |
| Restriction of open carry privileges, R2 = 0.24 | ||||
| % gun ownership in state | 0.01 | 0.02 | –0.04, 0.05 | 0.00 |
| % citizens ≥ 25 y with college degree | 0.08 | 0.06 | –0.05, 0.21 | 0.04 |
| % White | –0.02 | 0.01 | –0.05, 0.01 | 0.05 |
| Median age | 0.08 | 0.09 | –0.11, 0.27 | 0.02 |
| 2013 population | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.02 |
| % 2013 population below federal poverty line | 0.05 | 0.08 | –0.11, 0.21 | 0.01 |
| 2013 population density | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.01 |
| 2013 suicide rate | –0.07 | 0.11 | –0.28, 0.14 | 0.01 |
| 2013 statewide rate of serious suicidal ideation | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.02 |
| 2013 depression rate | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.02 |
| Mean statewide elevation above sea level | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Restriction of open carry privileges | 0.61 | 0.45 | –0.30, 1.52 | 0.05 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; background checks + waiting periods = comparison of no laws, background checks only, waiting periods only, and both background checks and waiting periods. Scatterplots describing the R2 for each analysis of covariance are available as a supplement to the online version of this article at http://www.ajph.org.