Table 4.

Underlying causes of recurrent pneumonia affecting different/multiple lobes.

Systemic Immune Disorders

Primary immunodeficiency

Acquired immunodeficiency

Local immune disorders (subtle abnormalities of mucosal defense)

Genetic diseases

Cystic fibrosis

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

Neuromuscular disorders

Central neurologic disease

Peripheral nerve or muscle disease

Conditions causing weakness of expiratory muscles

Airway anomalies

Postinfective or idiopathic bronchiectasis

Multiple complete cartilage rings

Generalized bronchomalacia

Major airway obstruction

Airway compression by enlarged heart or great vessels

Vascular rings and slings

Recurrent aspiration

Severe gastroesophageal reflux

Isolated, late-presenting H-type fistula

Esophageal dysmotility syndromes

Oily medication and nose drops inhalation

Laryngeal cleft

Autoimmune diseases

Pulmonary hemorrhagic syndromes

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Granulomatous disease

Recurrent pulmonary edema (cardiac left-to-right shunting; heart failure)

Drug toxicity