Table 1.
Aberrant gene expressions and related molecular mechanisms in parathyroid carcinomas compared with normal parathyroid glands.
| Gene ID | Chr. Map | Gene Function | Variation in PCas | Frequency in PCas |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loss of function mutated genes | ||||
| CDC73 | 1q31.2 | Tumor suppressor involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional control | ⇩ | 70% |
| PRUNE2 | 9q21.2 | Tumor suppressor involved in the suppression of Ras homolog family member A activity | ⇩ | 18% |
| MEN1 | 11q12 | Tumor suppressor associated with MEN1 syndrome | ⇩ | 13% |
| Hypermethylated genes | ||||
| HIC1 | 17p13 | Tumor suppressor involved in inhibition of E2F1 through interaction with SIRT1 | ⇩ | 100% |
| APC | 5q22.2 | Tumor suppressor, inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway | ⇩ | 33%–100% |
| RASSF1A | 3p21.31 | Ras-association domain family 1 | ⇩ | 100% |
| SFRP1 | 8p11.21 | Secreted frizzled related protein 1, inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway | ⇩ | 100% |
| SFRP2 | 4q31.3 | Secreted frizzled related protein 2, inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway | ⇩ | n.a. |
| SFRP4 | 7p14.1 | Secreted frizzled related protein 4, inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway | ⇩ | n.a. |
| CDKN2A/p16 | 9p21.3 | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor | ⇩ | n.a. |
| CDKN2B/p15 | 9p21.3 | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor | ⇩ | n.a. |
| WT1 | 11p13 | Wilms tumor 1, tumor suppressor | ⇩ | n.a. |
| Hypomethylated genes | ||||
| C19MC | 19q13.42 | microRNA cluster | ⇧ | 58% |
| Aberrantly expressed chromatin remodeling genes | ||||
| HIST1H1C | 6p22.2 | Replication-dependent histone H1.2 | ⇧ | 100% |
| HIST1H2AB | 6p22.2 | Replication-dependent histone H2A | ⇧ | n.a. |
| HIST1H2BB | 6p22.2 | Replication-dependent histone H2B | ⇧ | n.a. |
| EZH2 | 7q36.1 | Enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit | ⇧ | 100% |
Chr., chromosome; PCas, parathyroid carcinomas; CDC73, cell division cycle 73; APC, Wnt signaling pathway regulator; PRUNE2, prune homolog 2; MEN1, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome; HIC1, hypermethylated in human cancers 1; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; C19MC, chromosome 19 microRNA cluster; n.a., not available.