| CA | Chlorogenic acid |
| CPE | Crataegus Pinnatifida Bunge var. typical Schneider ethanol extract |
| SKI | SPHK inhibitor |
| SPHK-1 | Sphingosine kinase 1 |
| HIF-1α | Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α |
| PBS | Phosphate-buffered saline |
| OD | Optical density |
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