Table 2.
Trait-related QTLs/genes in grain legumes characterized using wild relatives.
| Grain Legume | Trait/s | Population Strategy | Genotyping/Mapping Strategy | QTL/Gene | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soybean | Salt tolerance, seed anthocyanin content, pod and seed number per plant, growth period, seed coat color, pod color, trailing growth, leaf length/width ratio, nodule number per plant with cultivated incompatible rhizobia strain | RILs (cultivated × wild) | GBS-WGR | CHX cation anti-transporter for salt tolerance, QTLs for the others traits | [66] |
| Soybean | Nodule fresh weight per plant, root fresh weight, total plant fresh weight and ureides (μmol per plant) | RILs (cultivated × wild) | GBS-WGR | QTLs | [124] |
| Soybean | Antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids in seeds | RILs (cultivated × wild) | GBS-WGR | MATE transporters | [9] |
| Soybean | Sclerotinia stem rot resistance | 101 lines | GBS-association mapping | QTL | [122] |
| Soybean | Root traits (tap root length and lateral root number) and shoot length | BC2F5 (cultivated × wild) | SSR and SNP markers | QTLs | [123] |
| Soybean | Oil content, flower color, seed coat color, pubescence form and reported domestication-related QTLs | 302 wild and cultivated accessions | GBS-association mapping | GWAS signals associated | [80] |
| Soybean | Yield, height and maturity | BC2F4 (cultivated × wild) | SSR markers | QTLs | [134] |
| Soybean | Soybean cyst nematode resistance | RILs (cultivated × wild) | SSR markers | QTLs | [135] |
| Soybean | Soybean cyst nematode resistance | 235 wild soybean accessions | GBS-GWAS | QTLs | [136] |
| Common bean | White mold resistance | NILs source of resistance from Andean genotype Jatu Rong | InDel, SCAR, SNP and phaseolin markers | QTLs | [126] |
| Common bean | Seed weight, seed size, days to flowering, yield, plant height | BC2F3:5 (cultivated × wild) | Microsatellite, SCAR, and phaseolin markers | QTLs | [127] |
| Common bean | White mold resistance | BC2F3 (cultivated × wild) BC1F4:5 (landrace × cultivated) | SSR, SRAP, TRAP markers | QLTs | [125] |
| Common bean | Seed weight, seed mineral accumulation: iron concentration (ppm), zinc concentration (ppm), iron content (mg/seed), zinc content (mg/seed) | BC2F3:5 (cultivated × wild) | Microsatellite markers | QTLs | [128] and cited herein |
| Chickpea | Seed coat color | Germplasm collection (93 cultivated desi and kabuli and 79 wild) and RILs (landrace × landrace) | GBS-WGR-association and QTL mapping | MATE transporter | [137] |
| Chickpea | Flowering time | Germplasm collection (92 cultivated desi and kabuli including beaded, landraces and wild) | Genome-wide GBS- and candidate gene-based genotyping | Eight potential known/candidate flowering time-regulating genes and QTLs | [138] |
| Chickpea | 100-seed weight, pod and branch number/plant and plant hairiness | RILs (cultivated × wild) | SSR and SNP polymorphism marker-based | QTLs and seed weight regulating ABI3VP1 transcription factor | [139] |
| Chickpea | Pod number and seed yield per plant | Two F5 mapping populations (cultivated × wild) | GBS-WGR SNP InDel markers | QTLs | [140,141] |
| Chickpea | 100-seed weight | RILs (cultivated × landrace) | GBS-WGR | QTLs | [137] |
| Peanut | Root-knot nematodes resistance, drought-related traits and agronomic/domestication traits | RILs (wild × wild) | SNP markers and integrated consensus map from Shirasawa et al. 2013 [142] | QTLs | [143] |
| Peanut | Water availability, flowering precocity, seed and pod number, length and size, and pod maturity | 87 BC3F1 and 55 BC2F2 [cultivated × wild amphidiploid (A. ipaensis × A. duranensis)] | SSR markers | QTLs | [144] |
| Peanut | Root-knot nematode resistance | BC4F2 population (cultivated × wilds) | RAPD markers | Resistance associated to markers | [145] |
| Peanut | Plant growth habit, height of the main stem, plant spread and flower color | Chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs). [wild synthetic allotetraploid (A. ipaensis × A. duranensis) × cultivated] | SSR markers | QTLs | [146] |
| Peanut | Late leaf spot resistance | F2 (A. duranensis × A. stenosperma) | Microsatellite, AFLP and legume anchor markers | QTLs | [142] |
| Pea | Mycosphaerella pinodes resistance | RILs (cultivated × wild) | RAPD, Sequence-tagged site and expressed sequence tag markers | QTLs | [147] |
| Pea | Seed weight, root/shoot ratio, flowering response, pod dehiscence, seed dormancy, plant height, basal branching | Set of five recombinant inbred populations: wild × cultivated F12; cultivated × wild F6; cultivated × primitive BC1F4; primitive × wild F4; cultivated × landrace F5 | Morphological Markers, allozyme variation and RAPD | QTLs and genes | [148] |
| Pigeonpea | Cleistogamous line | F2 (cultivated × wild) | N/A | Gene | [149] |
| Pigeonpea | High protein | Cultivated × wild | N/A | Traditional breeding (pedigree method) | [150] |
| Pigeonpea | Male sterility lines | BCn (cultivated × wild) | N/A | Traditional breeding | [151] |
| Pigeonpea | Drought tolerance and pod borer insect resistance | F2 (wild × cultivated) | Single feature polymorphisms (SFPs) | Genes | [152] |
| Lentil | Anthracnose resistance, seed yield, biomass, straw yield, seed weight, harvest index, podding ability and stand at maturity | RILs (wild × cultivated) | N/A | N/A potential material for breeding | [153] |
| Cowpea | Floral scent compounds, seed size, pod fiber layer thickness, seed weight, time of flower opening, days to flower | RILs (cultivated × wild) | SSR | QTLs | [154,155,156] |
| Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata cv.-gr. sesquipedalis) | Pod length | BC1F1 (cultivated × wild) | SSR | QTLs | [157] |
| Yardlong bean | Domestication related traits | BC1F1 (cultivated × wild) | SSR | QTLs | [158] |
| Yardlong bean | Pod tenderness | BC1F1 and F2 (cultivated × wild) | SSR | QTLs | [159] |