Table 1.

Effects of early-life insults on renal programming with low nephron number in animal models.

Experimental Model	Renal Phenotype	Age at Evaluation of Nephron Endowment	Ref.
Uteroplacental insufficiency	↑ Apoptosis	1 day	[30]
Vitamin A-deficient diet from 3 weeks before mating throughout pregnancy	Not evaluated	1 day	[31]
Low sodium diet (0.07%) during pregnancy and lactation	Hypertension at 5 months	1 week	[32]
High sodium diet (3%) during pregnancy and lactation	Glomerular hypertrophy, hypertension at 5 month	1 week	[32]
Partial ligation of uterine ligation	↓ GFR, glomerular hypertrophy	2 weeks	[33]
Ethanol (1 g/kg/day) at gestational day 13.5 and 14.5	↓ GFR at 6 months	4 weeks	[34]
Lipopolysaccharide (0.79 mg/kg/day) i.p. at gestational day 8, 10, and 12	↓ GFR	7 weeks	[35]
Dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg/day) throughout pregnancy	↓ GFR, glomerular hypertrophy	2 months	[36]
Dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg/day) at gestational day 15 and 16 or 17 and 18	↔ GFR, unchanged glomerular morphology	2 months	[37]
Low protein diet (8% protein) during lactation	Hypertension at 5 months	2 months	[38]
Cyclosporine (3.3 mg/kg/day) from gestational day 10 to postnatal day 7	↔ GFR, glomerular hypertrophy	3 months	[39]
50% caloric restriction during pregnancy and lactation	↔ GFR, glomerular hypertrophy, hypertension, tubulointerstitial injury	3 months	[40]
Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes during pregnancy	↔ GFR, hypertension, tuburointerstitial injury	3 months	[41]
Multideficient diet during pregnancy	↑ GFR, glomerular hypertrophy	3 months	[42]
Dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg/day) from gestational day 16 to 22.	Hypertension	4 months	[43]
Low protein diet (8.5% protein) during pregnancy	↔ GFR, hypertension	5.5 months	[44]
Iron restriction diet (3 mg/kg diet) from 1 week before mating and through pregnancy	Glomerular hypertrophy, hypertension	18 months	[45]

Studies tabulated according to age at evaluation. GFR = glomerular filtration rate. ↑ = increased. ↓ = decreased. ↔ = unaltered.