| α-SMA | α-smooth muscle actin |
| CAF | Carcinoma associated fibroblast |
| ECM | Extracellular matrix |
| HBV | Hepatitis B virus |
| HCV | Hepatitis C virus |
| HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| HSC | Human stellate cells |
| LPSs | Lipopolysaccharides |
| mTOR | Mammalian Target of rapamycin |
| R-ER | Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| SDF-1 | Stromal cell-derived factor-1 |
| TEC | Tumor endothelial cells |
| TAFs | Tumor-associated fibroblasts |
| TAMs | Tumor-associated macrophages |
| TEM | Tumor microenvironment |
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