Figure 2.

Porins from S. Typhi increase cell proliferation and Th1/Th17 cytokine production by ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD4⁺ T cells. A total of 5 × 10⁶ CFSE-labeled CD4⁺ T cells from DO.11.10 mice were transferred to naïve BALB/c mice (4 mice per group) 24 h prior to s.c. injection into the front footpads with 100 μg of OVA, OVA + 10 μg of porins, OVA + 10 μg of PorK, OVA + 5 μg of LPS, or OVA + 100 μg of alum. Three days later, in vivo proliferation was assessed as frequency of OVA-specific cells (K1-J26⁺ cells) (A) and CFSE dilution (B). (C) Coculture of purified CD4⁺ T cells from immunized DO.11.10 BALB/c chimeras with OVA-pulsed dendritic cells was performed, supernatants were collected 24 h later, and cytokines were measured by CBA assay. Mean + SEM are shown. These data are representative of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni test post hoc. Statistical differences are depicted as *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.