Table 1. The studies selected for data analysis.
| Study (country) | Study design (technology) | Population | Aims | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prestwich et al., 2009 (UK) | Randomized controlled trials using surveys (text messages) | University students (n=155) | The relationship between implementation intentions on physical activity and text message reminders was investigated | Implementation intentions combined with text message reminders significantly influenced physical activity |
| Prestwich et al., 2010 (UK) | Randomized controlled trials using surveys (text messages) | University students (n=149) | The authors examined whether implementation intentions with text message reminders of students’ plans or goals can influence their physical activity levels | The intervention group had a significant increase in physical activity levels compared to the control group |
| Lepp et al., 2013 (USA) | Interviews, surveys, and objective measures of physical fitness (text messages, phone calls, and apps) | College students (n=49) | The researchers assessed the relationships between cell phone use, physical and sedentary activity, and objective measures of physical fitness among students | There was an inverse relationship between cell phone use and physical fitness. Cell phone use can disrupt leisure time physical activity and increase sedentary behaviours |
| Gowin et al., 2015 (USA) | Qualitative study utilizing semi-structured interviews (apps) | College students (n=27) | The authors investigated how students utilized health and fitness apps and the effects on their behaviours | The two main findings included: (I) students who used apps to support an established behaviour; and (II) students who used apps to adopt a new behaviour |
| Middelweerd et al., 2015 (Netherlands) | Qualitative study utilizing focus groups (apps) | University students (n=30) | The researchers explored students’ preferences for physical activity apps | Five main themes were developed: (I) app usage; (II) technical aspects; (III) physical activity assessment; (IV) coaching aspects; and (V) sharing through social media |
| Yan et al., 2015 (USA) | Qualitative study utilizing focus groups (text messages) | College students (n=33) | The aim of the study was to develop physical activity promotion text messages in accordance with students’ preferences | Students expressed a preference for tailored messages to support physical activity related goals |