Table 1. The effects of weight cycling on metabolic markers.
Concentrations of circulating metabolic markers in blood (glucose) and plasma (all others) recorded at 6 (C, F), 12 (CC, CF, FC, FF) and 18 weeks (CCC, CFC, FCF, FFF). Fasting glucose (mmol/L), glucose (mmol/L), insulin (ng/ml), C-Peptide (ng/ml), glucagon (pg/ml), GIP (pg/ml), leptin (ng/ml), ghrelin (pg/ml), resistin (ng/ml), IL-6 (pg/ml), ß-ketone (mmol/L), IL-6 (pg/ml), MCP-1 (pg/ml), TNF-α (pg/ml); n=10-12/group; statistical analysis performed using One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction; All measurements performed in fed animals except fasting glucose; ○ = p<0.05, ○○ = p<0.01; ○○○ = p<0.001 versus control diet (C, CC or CCC) ; ▾ = p<0.05, ▾▾ = p<0.01; ▾▾▾ = p<0.001 versus FC or FCF diet; ■ = p<0.05, ■■ = p<0.01; ■■■ = p<0.001 versus FF or FFF diet.
| 6 weeks | 12 weeks | 18 weeks | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | F | CC | CF | FC | FF | CCC | CFC | FCF | FFF | |
| Glucose (Fast) | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 9.0 ± 1.7○○○ | 8.4 ± 2.8 | 10.8 ± 2.6▾▾▾ | 6.8 ± 2.2 | 8.2 ± 2.6 | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 6.7 ± 2.2▾▾;■ | 9.7 ± 1.2○○○ | 9.7 ± 1.6○○ |
| Glucose (Fed) | 12.5 ± 2.2 | 13.9 ± 2.5 | 10.0 ± 2.6 | 10.5 ± 1.8 | 10.8 ± 2.7 | 12.2 ± 2.1 | 8.8 ± 2.2 | 9.1 ± 1.2 | 10.5 ± 1.8 | 9.1 ± 2.3 |
| Insulin | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 1.8○○○ | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 2.6○○; ▾▾ | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 2.8○○; ▾▾ | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 0.8▾;■■■ | 2.7 ± 0.92○○; | 3.9 ± 0.65○○○ |
| C-peptide | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 1.1○○○ | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 2.1○; ▾▾ | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 1.8○○○; ▾▾▾ | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.3▾▾; ■■ | 5.1 ± 2.2○○○ | 5.3 ± 0.4○○○ |
| Glucagon | 51.5 ± 34.5 | 51.9 ± 18.6 | 32 ± 49 | 67.1 ± 72.5 | 52 ± 54.9 | 43 ± 45.3 | 21.7 ± 9.3 | 41.4 ± 31.5 | 72.2 ± 70.9 | 48.8 ± 49.1 |
| GIP | 128 ± 86 | 339 ± 184○○ | 97 ± 42 | 450 ± 203○○; ■ | 183 ± 224 | 220 ± 125 | 184 ± 146 | 194 ± 201 | 258 ± 132 | 313 ± 180 |
| Leptin | 9.0 ± 6.9 | 36.1 ± 10.4○○○ | 5.5 ± 3.5 | 29.7 ± 14.4 | 7.3 ± 5.4 | 32.2 ± 18.6 | 9.5 ± 7.0 | 12.9 ± 8.4▾ | 25.9 ± 11.4○○ | 23.8 ± 7.7○○○ |
| Ghrelin | 268 ± 141 | 220 ± 91 | 321 ± 174 | 194 ± 99 | 263 ± 128 | 182 ± 58○ | 263 ± 153 | 194 ± 64■ | 163 ± 92 | 127 ± 58○○ |
| Resistin | 16.2 ± 5.7 | 33.8 ± 10.3○○○ | 12.0 ± 3.9 | 27.9 ± 8.8 | 10.4 ± 3.4 | 20.3 ± 8.5 | 9.9 ± 4.4 | 12.8 ± 6.2▾▾ | 23.4 ± 10.3○○○ | 21.0 ± 12.1○ |
| IL-6 | 47.6 ± 53.4 | 24.8 ± 36.9 | 16 ± 17 | 10.8 ± 11.1 | 18 ± 13.8 | 18.5 ± 17.4 | 14.6 ± 10.9 | 13.5 ± 9.9 | 19.7 ± 5.2 | 15.7 ± 5.9 |
| ß-ketone | 0.29 ± 0.06 | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.05 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.29 ± 0.04 |
| IL-6 | 35.7 ± 8.0 | 24.8 ± 10.7 | 17.9 ± 6.5 | 12.5 ± 3.7 | 18.0 ± 3.7 | 17.7 ± 4.9 | 14.6 ± 3.9 | 13.5 ± 3.5 | 19.7 ± 1.8 | 15.8 ± 2.7 |
| MCP-1 | 43.4 ± 5.8 | 43.7 ± 4.7 | 34 ± 11 | 37.0 ± 5.3 | 22.8 ± 4.0 | 51.2 ± 11.4 | 59.9 ± 5.8 | 43.2 ± 8.0 | 66.6 ± 1.7 | 52.9 ± 7.3 |
| TNF-α | 8.8 ± 1.7 | 8.4 ± 2.1 | 8.1 ± 2.7 | 22.9 ± 4.7 | 7.5 ± 3.2 | 21.1 ± 6.5 | 10.3 ± 3.2 | 34.0 ± 9.1 | 12.7 ± 1.5 | 11.3 ± 4.8 |