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. 2014 Aug 4;2(3):211–228. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines2030211

Figure 1.

Figure 1

CpG-DNA–TLR-9 cell signaling. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) enter into endosomal vesicles that contain toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) through clathrin-coated vesicles. The interaction between CpG-DNA and TLR-9 initiates an intracellular activation signal. The signal starts with the recruitment of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) to the toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain of TLR-9, followed by activation of the IRAK1–TRAF6 complex. Later, TRAF6 recruits TAK1, TAB-2, TAB-3, UBC-13 and UEV-1A. This complex leads to the activation of both the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK: AP-1) and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) kinase inhibitor (IKK), culminating in the up-regulation of transcription factors, including NF-κB and activating protein 1 (AP1). IRAK, IL-1 receptor-activated kinase; TRAF, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor-associated factor; TAB, TAK1 binding proteins; IκB, inhibitor of kappa B.