Figure 1.

Plant toxin-based immunotoxins (type 1 RIPs or type 2 RIP A chains) can cause cell death by triggering multiple death pathways. Once the toxin reaches the cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum or nucleus, it can cause apoptosis activation, necroptosis, oxidative stress, the inhibition of protein synthesis and probably autophagy. Also, the antibody can activate cell death through apoptosis or through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), in the event that whole antibody molecules are used.