Table 1.
Summary of macrophage friend or foe outcomes. While tumor-associated macrophages are generally associated with poor prognosis in human patients, the effect of tumor macrophages on oncolytic virus immunotherapy varies by the tumor type and the applied oncolytic virus vector. Despite similarities in the tumor macrophage effect on tumor progression between pediatric and adult cancers, there is a paucity of research investigating macrophage modulation with oncolytic virus immunotherapy in pediatric cancers.
| Tumor Type | Macrophage Polarization | Friend or Foe? | Oncolytic Viruses Tested | Signaling Pathways Involved | Reference Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osteosarcoma | M2 | Foe | none | RAGE, CD24, NfκB, VEGF, MCP-1, HMGB1, IL-10, pSTAT3 | [14,20,21,22,25,26,27,28] |
| Ewing Sarcoma | M2 | Foe | none | EWS/FLI1, STAT3, MMP-2, CCND-2, VEGF, MCP-1, M-CSF, RANKL, TNFα, IL-1, VEGF | [22,23,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34] |
| Neuroblastoma | M1 | Friend | none | MYCN | [24,35] |
| - | M2 | Foe | none | MIF, Cyclo-oxygenase–prostaglandin E2 pathway, M-CSF | [22,35,36,37] |
| Colorectal Cancer | M1 | Friend | vaccinia virus | GCP-2, KC/GROα, IFNγ, CXCL10, IL-3, IL-6, Lymphotactin, M-CSF1, MIP-1 beta, MCP-1, MCP-3, MCP-5, RANTES, macrophage metallelastase | [38,39,40] |
| Glioblastoma | M1 | Foe | herpes simplex virus | TNFα, CCN1, IL-1β, IFNγ, CXCL10, MCP-1, MCP-3 | [41,42,43,44] |
| - | M2 | Friend | herpes simplex virus | TGFβ | [45] |
| Breast Cancer | M1 | Friend | paramyxovirus | Human Monocyte-Derived | [46] |
| - | M2 | Foe | adenovirus | TGFβ | [47] |
| - | M1 | Foe | vesicular stomatitis virus | JAK/STAT, IFNα, IFNβ | [48] |
| Pancreatic Cancer | M2 | Friend | adenovirus | TGFβR, TGFβ | [49] |
| - | - | - | herpes simplex virus | Nectin-1, TGFβ | [41] |
| - | M2 | Foe | herpes simplex virus | CSF1R | [50] |
| - | M1 | Friend | herpes simplex virus | GM-CSF | [51] |