Table 1. Distribution of selected baseline characteristics of all participants by composite lifestyle scores (five factors), the Singapore Chinese Health Study, 1993–2014.
|
Composite lifestyle scores |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | 0/1/2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| N | 6223 | 20 017 | 24 799 | 10 282 |
| Age in years, mean (s.d.) | 56.4 (7.7) | 55.9 (7.9) | 56.6 (8.1) | 56.9 (7.9) |
| BMI (kg m−2), mean (s.d.) | 24.8 (4.5) | 23.3 (3.5) | 22.8 (2.8) | 22.5 (2.4) |
| Female, % | 21.8 | 50.5 | 61.5 | 71.2 |
| Education level, % | ||||
| No formal education | 20.2 | 24.7 | 30.0 | 30.0 |
| Primary school | 52.8 | 44.8 | 43.0 | 41.5 |
| ⩾Secondary level | 27.0 | 30.5 | 27.0 | 28.5 |
| Smoking status, % | ||||
| Never smoker | 25.4 | 63.5 | 78.2 | 87.0 |
| Former smoker | 21.3 | 12.8 | 8.6 | 6.3 |
| Current smoker | 53.3 | 23.7 | 13.2 | 6.7 |
| Smoking amount among ever smokers, mean (s.d.) | ||||
| Number of cigarettes per day | 24.1 (11.2) | 18.1 (11.1) | 12.3 (9.0) | 9.2 (6.2) |
| Number of years of smoking | 36.4 (8.8) | 33.6 (11.4) | 30.5 (12.7) | 28.2 (13.6) |
| Pack-years of smoking | 43.8 (21.9) | 31.2 (22.4) | 18.5 (16.4) | 11.8 (7.4) |
| Alcohol consumption status, % | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 58.9 | 77.9 | 86.4 | 91.4 |
| Drinkers | 41.1 | 22.1 | 13.6 | 8.6 |
| Ethanol intake (g per day) among drinkers, mean (s.d.) | 20.6 (22.3) | 8.4 (14.2) | 3.3 (5.9) | 2.0 (1.8) |
| Daily sodium intake (mg), mean (s.d.) | 1607.9 (784.4) | 1361.0 (663.3) | 915.1 (414.8) | 816.9 (319.4) |
| Food consumption in grams, mean (s.d.) | ||||
| Total vegetables | 113.5 (67.9) | 110.2 (62.3) | 99.2 (58.3) | 137.3 (67.0) |
| Total fruits | 183.9 (174.5) | 194.7 (161.9) | 191.1 (160.3) | 256.8 (189.9) |
| Total red meat | 46.9 (32.0) | 37.7 (26.0) | 25.6 (19.2) | 18.7 (15.2) |
Abbreviation: BMI=body mass index.