Table 2.
Associations of specific individual, environmental, and screen media characteristics with adolescent energy-dense snack food intake
| Overall | Males | Females | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE)a,b | P | β (SE)a,c | P | β (SE)a,c | P | |
| Individual characteristics | ||||||
| Identity as a picky eater | 0.16 (0.05) | <0.001 | 0.25 (0.07) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.168 |
| Perceived cost barriers to healthy eating | −0.05 (0.05) | 0.312 | −0.02 (0.07) | 0.772 | −0.07 (0.06) | 0.286 |
| Involvement in at-home food preparation frequency | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.002 | 0.16 (0.08) | 0.041 | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.045 |
| Meal skipping | −0.07 (0.05) | 0.137 | −0.07 (0.07) | 0.284 | −0.06 (0.06) | 0.329 |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.115 | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.169 | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.249 |
| Weight-related concerns | −0.15 (0.05) | 0.001 | −0.13 (0.07) | 0.075 | −0.15 (0.06) | 0.015 |
| Weight change intentions | ||||||
| Maintain weight | −0.05 (0.05) | 0.366 | −0.11 (0.08) | 0.147 | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.752 |
| Gain weight | 0.19 (0.05) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.185 | 0.33 (0.09) | <0.001 |
| Lose weight | −0.18 (0.05) | 0.001 | −0.26 (0.08) | 0.002 | −0.08 (0.07) | 0.264 |
| No intentions | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Weight control behaviors | ||||||
| Dieting in past year | −0.16 (0.05) | <0.001 | −0.18 (0.07) | 0.015 | −0.15 (0.06) | 0.019 |
| Healthy behavior frequency | −0.29 (0.05) | <0.001 | −0.20 (0.07) | 0.003 | −0.35 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| Unhealthy behaviors | −0.04 (0.05) | 0.418 | 0.00 (0.07) | 0.948 | −0.05 (0.06) | 0.471 |
| Snacks prepared away from home frequency | 0.65 (0.05) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.07) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| Snacks while watching television frequency | 0.73 (0.05) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.07) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| Television viewing hours | 0.34 (0.05) | <0.001 | 0.24 (0.07) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| Video gaming hours | 0.35 (0.05) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.06) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.10) | <0.001 |
| Team sport involvement | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.135 | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.108 | 0.05 (0.071) | 0.449 |
| Sleep hours | −0.12 (0.05) | 0.019 | −0.24 (0.07) | 0.001 | −0.03 (0.07) | 0.675 |
| Home/family characteristics | ||||||
| Home unhealthy food availability | 0.69 (0.04) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.07) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| Household food security | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.189 | 0.00 (0.08) | 0.978 | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.068 |
| Family meal frequency | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.350 | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.603 | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.426 |
| Perceived encouragement to eat healthy foods | −0.11 (0.05) | 0.018 | −0.15 (0.07) | 0.037 | −0.09 (0.06) | 0.135 |
| Parental restriction of high-calorie food | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.068 | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.081 | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.462 |
| Peer characteristics | ||||||
| Perceived attitudes/behavior | ||||||
| Think it is important to eat healthy foods | −0.00 (0.05) | 0.991 | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.220 | −0.08 (0.06) | 0.202 |
| Diet to control weight | −0.02 (0.05) | 0.746 | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.395 | −0.06 (0.06) | 0.304 |
| Friends’ weight-related behaviors | ||||||
| Snack food intake | 0.33 (0.05) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.08) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.07) | <0.001 |
| Dieting | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.31 | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.179 | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.874 |
| Meal skipping | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.29 | −0.04 (0.07) | 0.622 | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.070 |
| School characteristics | ||||||
| Presence of fast-food restaurant in 800 m | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.107 | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.325 | 0.20 (0.11) | 0.081 |
| Presence of convenience store in 800 m | 0.02 (0.10) | 0.798 | 0.07 (0.09) | 0.404 | 0.01 (0.12) | 0.960 |
| Campus availability of competitive foods | ||||||
| Not available | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| A la carte or vending | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.218 | −0.03 (0.09) | 0.727 | −0.15 (0.10) | 0.161 |
| A la carte and vending | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.218 | −0.06 (0.09) | 0.727 | −0.30 (0.10) | 0.161 |
| Classroom food policies | ||||||
| Allowed to eat in class | 0.18 (0.10) | 0.083 | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.379 | 0.25 (0.13) | 0.047 |
| Food is used as reward | 0.10 (0.10) | 0.341 | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.101 | 0.04 (0.13) | 0.762 |
| Schools’ commitment to promotion of healthy eating | −0.13 (0.09) | 0.160 | −0.18 (0.08) | 0.021 | −0.09 (0.12) | 0.482 |
| Norm number of snacks during school day | 0.25 (0.06) | <0.001 | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.003 | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.003 |
| Neighborhood characteristics | ||||||
| Presence of fast-food restaurant in 1200 m | −0.05 (0.05) | 0.343 | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.340 | −0.15 (0.06) | 0.020 |
| High density of fast-food restaurants (≥5) in 1600 m | −0.08 (0.05) | 0.086 | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.699 | −0.19 (0.06) | 0.003 |
| Presence of convenience store in 1200 m | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.403 | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.339 | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.924 |
| Screen media characteristics | ||||||
| Snack incident frequency | −0.03 (0.06) | 0.649 | 0.13 (0.09) | 0.163 | −0.15 (0.09) | 0.108 |
| Unhealthy snack food incident percentage | −0.03 (0.05) | 0.575 | 0.05 (0.09) | 0.596 | −0.11 (0.07) | 0.130 |
SE=standard error
β coefficients are standardized and are interpreted as the amount of standard deviation (SD) change in energy-dense snack food servings associated with a 1 SD change in the individual or environmental characteristic.
Model 1 estimates are from separate linear regressions of energy-dense snack food servings on specific individual and environmental characteristics along with adolescent age, gender, ethnicity/race, and socioeconomic status and a random school-level effect. Statistically significant associations (P<0.05) are shown in bold.
Model 1 estimates are from separate, gender-stratified linear regressions of energy-dense snack food servings on specific individual and environmental characteristics along with adolescent age, ethnicity/race, and socioeconomic status and a random school-level effect. Statistically significant associations (P<0.05) are shown in bold.