Table 1.
Baseline and follow-up characteristics of study participants by age group
| Variable | Total | Children (6–11 years) | Adolescents (12–17 years) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects | 1225 | 737 | 488 | |
| Whites, n (%) | 849 (69.3) | 508 (68.9) | 341 (69.9) | 0.772 |
| Males, n (%) | 531 (43.4) | 305 (41.4) | 226 (46.3) | 0.100 |
| Baseline | ||||
| Age, years | 10.9 ± 3.3 | 8.6 ± 1.7 | 14.4 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Height, cm | 142.9 ± 19.3 | 130.1 ± 11.8 | 162.2 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 18.4 ± 4.0 | 16.9 ± 3.0 | 20.6 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 103.0 ± 13.1 | 97.1 ± 10.1 | 111.8 ± 12.2 | <0.001 |
| DBP-K4 | 63.8 ± 9.8 | 59.7 ± 8.3 | 69.9 ± 8.6 | <0.001 |
| DBP-K5, mmHg | 48.6 ± 12.4 | 44.8 ± 10.5 | 54.3 ± 13.0 | <0.001 |
| Overweight, n (%) | 127 (10.4) | 81 (11.0) | 46 (9.4) | |
| Obesity, n (%) | 105 (8.6) | 62 (8.4) | 43 (8.8) | 0.671 |
| Pre-hypertension, n (%)-simplified definition | 225 (18.4) | 83 (11.3) | 142 (29.1) | |
| Hypertension, n (%)-simplified definition | 50 (4.1) | 20 (2.7) | 30 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Pre-hypertension, n (%)-complex definition | 168 (13.7) | 27 (3.7) | 141 (29.0) | |
| Hypertension, n (%)-complex definition | 59 (4.8) | 26 (3.5) | 33 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Follow-up | ||||
| Age, years | 37.3 ± 4.5 | 34.9 ± 3.8 | 40.8 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
| Height, cm | 169.5 ± 9.5 | 169.0 ± 9.3 | 170.3 ± 9.7 | 0.009 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.5 ± 7.1 | 29.3 ± 7.2 | 29.8 ± 6.8 | 0.202 |
| SBP, mmHg | 117.4 ± 14.6 | 115.3 ± 13.8 | 120.5 ± 15.3 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 79.2 ± 10.2 | 77.8 ± 10.0 | 81.2 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
| afPWV, m/s | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| CIMT, mm | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 0.79 ± 0.13 | 0.87 ± 0.20 | <0.001 |
| LVMI, g/m2.7 | 35.6 ± 11.2 | 35.1 ± 11.0 | 36.2 ± 11.4 | 0.107 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 271 (22.1) | 131 (17.8) | 140 (28.7) | <0.001 |
| High PWV, n (%) | 213 (20.0) | 129 (20.0) | 84 (20.0) | 1.000 |
| High CIMT, n (%) | 228 (20.0) | 124 (18.2) | 104 (22.8) | 0.065 |
| LVH, n (%) | 138 (12.4) | 75 (11.2) | 63 (14.3) | 0.144 |
| Any of high PWV, CIMT or LVH, n (%) | 452 (44.1) | 262 (42.5) | 190 (46.5) | 0.231 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD
*
Difference between children and adolescents
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; afPWV, aorta–femoral pulse wave velocity; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy