. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: AIDS Behav. 2017 Apr;21(4):1016–1024. doi: 10.1007/s10461-016-1585-5

Table 4.

Risk ratio (95 % confidence interval) for association between IDU and membership within each stage of the HIV care continuum, conditional on being an active patient (for retained) or membership in preceding stage (for on ART and virally suppressed), by calendar year

	Crude			Standardized^a

	Retained^b	On ART^c	Virally suppressed^d	Retained^b	On ART^c	Virally suppressed^d
2001	0.85 (0.80, 0.90)	0.83 (0.78, 0.90)	0.89 (0.81, 0.99)	0.84 (0.77, 0.92)	0.88 (0.79, 0.97)	0.94 (0.81, 1.09)
2002	0.83 (0.78, 0.87)	0.86 (0.81, 0.93)	0.97 (0.90, 1.06)	0.86 (0.79, 0.93)	0.88 (0.78, 0.98)	1.05 (0.94, 1.18)
2003	0.84 (0.80, 0.89)	0.90 (0.84, 0.96)	0.95 (0.88, 1.03)	0.86 (0.79, 0.93)	0.87 (0.77,0.98)	0.90 (0.76, 1.05)
2004	0.85 (0.81, 0.90)	0.91 (0.85, 0.96)	0.90 (0.84, 0.97)	0.91 (0.85, 0.98)	0.90 (0.81, 1.00)	0.85 (0.73, 0.98)
2005	0.80 (0.76, 0.85)	0.93 (0.87, 0.98)	1.01 (0.95, 1.07)	0.82 (0.75, 0.89)	0.89 (0.80, 0.99)	1.01 (0.91, 1.12)
2006	0.86 (0.81, 0.91)	0.95 (0.90, 1.00)	0.97 (0.92, 1.02)	0.86 (0.78, 0.94)	0.98 (0.89, 1.08)	0.90 (0.78, 1.04)
2007	0.86 (0.81, 0.91)	0.94 (0.89, 0.98)	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)	0.82 (0.74, 0.92)	0.98 (0.92,1.05)	1.02 (0.96, 1.09)
2008	0.89 (0.84, 0.93)	0.94 (0.91, 0.98)	0.96 (0.92, 1.00)	0.89 (0.82, 0.97)	0.96 (0.90, 1.02)	0.96 (0.90, 1.03)
2009	0.93 (0.89, 0.98)	0.93 (0.90, 0.97)	0.97 (0.94, 1.00)	0.93 (0.87, 0.99)	0.95 (0.89, 1.02)	0.99 (0.95, 1.03)
2010	0.94 (0.89, 0.99)	0.96 (0.93, 0.99)	0.96 (0.93, 0.99)	0.95 (0.88,1.03)	0.95 (0.87, 1.03)	0.99 (0.96, 1.02)
2011	0.94 (0.89, 0.98)	0.95 (0.92, 0.98)	0.99 (0.95, 1.02)	0.93 (0.85, 1.03)	0.94 (0.89, 1.00)	0.99 (0.95, 1.03)
2012	1.01 (0.96, 1.06)	0.96 (0.93, 0.98)	0.97 (0.93, 1.00)	0.99 (0.92, 1.07)	0.94 (0.88, 1.01)	0.98 (0.94, 1.03)

HIV human immunodeficiency virus, PWID persons who inject drugs, IDU injection drug use, MSM men who have sex with men, ART antiretroviral therapy, AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Standardized by sex, age, race, MSM and heterosexual transmission risk, and history of ART, AIDS, CD4 cell count and HIV viral load at enrollment

Retained in care defined as attending ≥2 clinical visits in the Johns Hopkins Medical system >90 days apart between January 1 and December 31 of the calendar year, conditional on being an active patient

On ART defined as having ≥1 antiretroviral prescription for ≥30 days, conditional on being retained in care

Viral suppression defined as having ≥HIV viral load measurement <400 copies/mL, conditional on being on ART