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Light-sensing ion pumps. (A) The photosensitive channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR) ion channels expressed in neurons allow the polarization of the cells by sodium (Na+) or chloride (Cl−) influx. (B) Using these light-activated rhodopsins, it has been possible to control the responses of animal models to e.g., elicit defensive behaviors in mice (see text for details).
