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. 2017 Mar 10;5:12. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00012

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Copyright © 2017 Czapiński, Kiełbus, Kałafut, Kos, Stepulak and Rivero-Müller.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Controlling GPCR signaling by photoactivation. By interchanging the intracellular domains (loops) of the Gt-coupled bovine green-absorbing rhodopsin receptor for either the Gq-coupled human alpha 1 adrenogenic receptor (α1AR) (red), or Gs-coupled hamster beta 1 adrenogenic receptor (β2AR) (violet), it is possible to activate single downstream pathways upon light activation: opto-α1AR activates adenylate cyclase and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production while opto-β2AR activates phospholipase C leads to increase inositol triphosphate (IP₃).