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. 2017 Mar 10;5:12. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00012

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Copyright © 2017 Czapiński, Kiełbus, Kałafut, Kos, Stepulak and Rivero-Müller.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A guide to some of the most commonly used optogenetic systems to-date. Scheme of properties and conformational changes of several photoactivatable systems [phytochrome B (PhyB-PIF), red-light activatable phosphodiesterase (LAPD), Chrimson, Halorhodopsin (NpHR), Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), LOV domain, adenylyl cyclase (bPAC), Dronpa and UV-resistance locus 8 (UVR8-COP1)]. Individual light-induced proteins have been assigned to their activation wavelength. Each system is shown before light stimulation (left) and after irradiation (right). Necessary cofactors are marked. Simultaneously this diagram shows the characteristics of different wavelengths on cell structures as well as tissue penetration. The detailed description of all these proteins can be found in the text this article. The image is partially based on (Zhang and Cui, 2015) and examples within the text.