Figure 4.

Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines profiles according to malaria anaemia statue. Plasma concentrations of cytokines IFN-γ (A) and interleukin (IL)-6 (B), IL-17A (C), IL-21 (D), IL-10 (E) and IL-13 (F) were quantified in P. falciparum infected and uninfected children. Results represent the arithmetic means of cytokines concentrations in pg/ml, with the standard error of mean. Children were subdivided into severe malaria anaemia (SMA: Hb < 5.0 g/dL), mild malaria anaemia (MMA: 5 ≤ Hb < 11 g/dL) and unanaemia malaria (UAM: Hb ≥ 11 g/dL). Kruskall-Wallis tests and pairwise comparisons using Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Differences were significant at p-value < 0.05. *P < 0.05 compared to unanaemia malaria (UAM).