Figure 3. Dependence on laser a₀ and plasma density of mean angle, energy and charge of oblique electrons from 3D (squares) and 2D (circles) simulations for spot size w₀ = 7 μm and propagation length 0.5 mm. The error bars represent rms divergence and energy spread.

(a,c,e) have been obtained for n_e = 2 ×10¹⁹ cm⁻³ and Figures (b,d,f) for a₀ = 3. Curves in (a–d) show the mean energy and angle predicted by Kostyukov’s model⁴³ for one (dotted line K₁) and two (dashed line K₂) bubbles. Curves in Figures (e,f) are quadratic and linear fits, respectively.