Table 5.
Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models of achievement of ANC4+ and SBA (Continued Care at Delivery) with various determinants within each of the two waves of PDHS during 2006-2012
| Characteristics | Model II (ANC4+ and SBA) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDHS (2006/07) | PDHS (2012/13) | |||||||||||
| Bivariate | Multivariate | Bivariate | Multivariate | |||||||||
| OR | CI (95%) | p-value | AOR | CI (95%) | p-value | OR | CI (95%) | p-value | AOR | CI (95%) | p-value | |
| Regions/Provinces | ||||||||||||
| Baluchistan | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Punjab | 4.66 | 3.34-6.51 | <0.01 | 3.06 | 2.10-4.45 | <0.01 | 4.51 | 3.65-5.58 | <0.01 | 2.65 | 2.06-3.42 | <0.01 |
| Sindh | 5.22 | 3.72-7.33 | <0.01 | 5.49 | 3.76-8.02 | <0.01 | 6.44 | 5.19-7.99 | <0.01 | 5.45 | 4.23-7.01 | <0.01 |
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 3.09 | 2.16-4.42 | <0.01 | 2.74 | 1.84-4.07 | <0.01 | 2.82 | 2.26-3.53 | <0.01 | 2.29 | 1.77-2.96 | <0.01 |
| Gilgit Baltistan | - | - | - | - | - | <0.01 | 3.91 | 3.04-5.01 | <0.01 | 4.46 | 3.32-6.00 | <0.01 |
| Islamabad | - | - | - | - | - | <0.01 | 25.80 | 19.46-34.20 | <0.01 | 7.80 | 5.59-10.89 | <0.01 |
| Geographical classification | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Urban | 4.45 | 3.88-5.10 | <0.01 | 1.55 | 1.29-1.85 | <0.01 | 3.55 | 3.21-3.93 | <0.01 | 1.19 | 1.02-1.37 | 0.02 |
| Respondents age | ||||||||||||
| 15-24 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| 25-34 years | 1.24 | 1.05-1.45 | 0.01 | 1.16 | 0.92-1.45 | 0.21 | 1.04 | 0.93-1.18 | 0.44 | 1.04 | 0.87-1.24 | 0.67 |
| 35 years and above | 0.69 | 0.57-0.85 | <0.01 | 1.08 | 0.78-1.51 | 0.64 | 0.73 | 0.63-0.85 | <0.01 | 1.09 | 0.84-1.42 | 0.51 |
| Respondents age at first birth | ||||||||||||
| Less than 20 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| 20-29 years | 1.88 | 1.64-2.16 | <0.01 | 1.12 | 0.93-1.35 | 0.22 | 2.07 | 1.86-2.31 | <0.01 | 1.16 | 1.00-1.35 | 0.05 |
| 30 years and above | 2.10 | 1.49-2.96 | <0.01 | 1.59 | 0.99-2.54 | 0.05 | 4.79 | 3.70-6.21 | <0.01 | 1.68 | 1.14-2.47 | 0.01 |
| Respondents educational status | ||||||||||||
| Uneducated | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Primary | 2.89 | 2.38-3.51 | <0.01 | 1.49 | 1.20-1.86 | <0.01 | 3.09 | 2.65-3.61 | <0.01 | 1.42 | 1.18-1.69 | <0.01 |
| Secondary | 6.37 | 5.33-7.62 | <0.01 | 2.08 | 1.66-2.60 | <0.01 | 7.46 | 6.49-8.56 | <0.01 | 2.15 | 1.80-2.58 | <0.01 |
| Higher | 21.37 | 16.65-27.43 | <0.01 | 4.62 | 3.35-6.37 | <0.01 | 20.80 | 17.39-24.88 | <0.01 | 3.48 | 2.73-4.44 | <0.01 |
| Husbands educational status | ||||||||||||
| Uneducated | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Primary | 1.64 | 1.29-2.09 | <0.01 | 1.03 | 0.79-1.34 | 0.81 | 1.94 | 1.60-2.35 | <0.01 | 1.10 | 0.89-1.38 | 0.36 |
| Secondary | 3.44 | 2.86-4.15 | <0.01 | 1.44 | 1.16-1.79 | <0.01 | 3.92 | 3.38-4.54 | <0.01 | 1.45 | 1.22-1.74 | <0.01 |
| Higher | 7.65 | 6.25-9.35 | <0.01 | 1.56 | 1.20-2.03 | <0.01 | 8.35 | 7.15-9.74 | <0.01 | 1.43 | 1.16-1.77 | <0.01 |
| Respondents employment status | ||||||||||||
| Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Employed | 0.56 | 0.48-0.66 | <0.01 | 0.89 | 0.73-1.08 | 0.23 | 0.58 | 0.51-0.67 | <0.01 | 0.76 | 0.64-0.90 | <0.01 |
| Husbands employment status | ||||||||||||
| Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Employed | 1.20 | 0.82-1.76 | 0.34 | 0.97 | 0.61-1.51 | 0.88 | 1.72 | 1.22-2.41 | <0.01 | 1.24 | 0.82-1.87 | 0.31 |
| Parity/Number of children | ||||||||||||
| 5 children or more | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| 3-4 children | 1.96 | 1.64-2.34 | <0.01 | 1.05 | 0.83-1.31 | 0.68 | 2.25 | 1.96-2.58 | <0.01 | 1.20 | 0.99-1.45 | 0.05 |
| 1-2 children | 2.60 | 2.20-3.06 | <0.01 | 1.42 | 1.09-1.85 | <0.01 | 3.81 | 3.35-4.34 | <0.01 | 1.99 | 1.59-2.48 | <0.01 |
| Respondents autonomy to healthcare decision-making | ||||||||||||
| No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.85 | 1.68-2.05 | <0.01 | 1.30 | 1.15-1.48 | <0.01 |
| Exposure to mass media | ||||||||||||
| No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.82 | 5.04-6.73 | <0.01 | 1.43 | 1.19-1.71 | <0.01 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||||||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Poorer | 1.90 | 1.36-2.66 | <0.01 | 1.72 | 1.21-2.44 | <0.01 | 2.64 | 2.10-3.33 | <0.01 | 1.83 | 1.42-2.36 | <0.01 |
| Middle | 3.23 | 2.35-4.44 | <0.01 | 2.40 | 1.70-3.40 | <0.01 | 4.03 | 3.23-5.04 | <0.01 | 2.31 | 1.78-3.01 | <0.01 |
| Richer | 7.87 | 5.84-10.61 | <0.01 | 3.86 | 2.73-5.47 | <0.01 | 9.22 | 7.44-11.42 | <0.01 | 3.52 | 2.66-4.66 | <0.01 |
| Richest | 25.91 | 19.33-34.73 | <0.01 | 7.57 | 5.21-10.99 | <0.01 | 31.61 | 25.42-39.29 | <0.01 | 6.79 | 4.95-9.31 | <0.01 |
| Distance from health facility for medical care | ||||||||||||
| Big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Not a big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.21 | 2.88-3.58 | <0.01 | 0.94 | 0.78-1.13 | 0.53 |
| Transport arrangement for medical care | ||||||||||||
| Big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Not a big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.35 | 3.01-3.72 | <0.01 | 1.25 | 1.04-1.49 | 0.01 |