Fig. 3.

Downstream pathways of inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) and PKR-like eukaryotic inhibition factor 2a kinase (PERK) in endoplasmic reticulum stress. UPR- unfolded protein response; ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein; XBP-1, X box binding protein 1; ERO1α, endoplasmic reticulum oxidase 1alpha; eIF-2α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α; JNK, janus kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa β; GADD34, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein-34; Bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2; BIM, Bcl 2-interacting mediator of cell death.