Table 1.
Effect of natural compounds on the autophagy in tumor cells.
| Compound Name | Compound Source | Tumor Cells | Mode of Action | Refs. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berberine | Rhizoma coptidis | nonsmall cell lung cancer A549 cells; hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, MHCC97-1, and SMMC7721 cells; colon carcinoma HCT116 and SW613-B3 cells |
Activation of autophagic intermediates; BECN1, ATG5, LC3B-I/-II conversion | [94-102] | ||||
| Resveratrol | red grape skin, blueberries, mulberries, cranberries | ovarian cancer A2780 cells; breast cancer MCF-7 cells; ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-3 and Caov-3); prostate cancer PC3 and DU145 cells; non-small lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells; in T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells | Activation of AMPK and JNK-mediated p62/SQSTM1 expression; ROS generation, induction of ATG5; increase in LC3B-I/LC3B-II conversion and BECN1 expression | [110-115, 117-119, 121] | ||||
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | Green tea | colorectal cancer DLD-1 and HT-29 cells; hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells; cervical cancer cells, and mesothelioma cells | Inducing accumulation of LC3B-II protein; ROS-mediated lysosomal membrane permeabilization | [134, 137-139] | ||||
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa L., Curcuma zedoaria (Christm) Rosc., Curcuma amada Roxb., and Curcuma petiolata, | leukemia K562 cells; colon cancer cells; glioblastoma cells; colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells, breast cancer MCF-7 cells; lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells; oral squamous cell carcinoma cells; malignant pleural mesothelioma ACC-MESO-1 cells | Induced the expression of BECN1 and TP53, and ROS production; induced LC3B-I/-II conversion; ATG5 expression; autophagosome formation; activation of AMPK signaling | [142, 144-147, 151, 152] | ||||
| Ginsenosides | Ginkgo biloba | hepatocellular carcinoma cells; breast cancer cells | induced LC3B-I/-II conversion; disrupted the interaction between ATG6 and BCL-2; upregulate of ATG7 expression | [163-165] | ||||
| Parthenolide | Tanacetum parthenium | breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells; hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells; promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells and cervical cancer HeLa cells | Increased expression of BECN1, and LC3B-I/II conversion | [173-175] | ||||
| Triptolide | Tripterygium wilfordii | pancreatic cancer S2-013, S2-VP10, and Hs766T cells; lung cancer A549 cells; neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells | Activation of BECN1, ATG5, and LC3B-I/-II conversion | [177, 179, 181] | ||||
| Terpinen-4-ol | Tea tree oil | promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells | Activation of BECN1, ATG5, and LC3B-I/-II conversion | [192] | ||||
| Celastrol | Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F | hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells; gastric cancer AGS and YCC-2 cells | Increased BNIP3 expression | [196] | ||||
| Sulforaphane | Brassicaceae | prostate cancer PC-3 cells | Increased LC3B-I/-II conversion; disrupts the BCL-2/BECN1 interaction | [197, 201] | ||||
| Allicin | Allium sativum | hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells | Enhanced AMPK/TSC2 and BECN1 pathways | [212, 213] | ||||
| Citreoviridin | Penicillium citreoviride | hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells | Increased LC3B-I/-II conversion; activation of ATG5 | [214, 215] | ||||
| 7-hydroxydehydronuciferine | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn cv. Rosa-plena | melanoma A375.S2 cells | Enhanced expression of BECN1 (also known as ATG6), ATG3, ATG12, ATG7, ATG10, ATG16 and ATG5 protein | [216] | ||||
| Glycyrrhetinic acid | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch | hepatocellular HepG2 cells | Increased LC3B-I/-II conversion | [223] | ||||
| Honokiol | Magnolia officinalis | prostate cancer PC-3 and LNCaP cells | Increased LC3B-I/-II conversion, ATG5 expression | [242] | ||||
| Jujuboside B | Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa | gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells; colon adenocarcinoma HCT116 cells | Increased LC3B-I/-II conversion | [245] | ||||