Fig. 2.

GAPDS is required for sperm motility. (A) Sperm were collected from WT (n = 6) and Gapds^–/– mice (n = 6) and incubated in M16 medium at 37°C in 5% CO₂ and air. Forward movement was scored by phase-contrast microscopy for >200 sperm per animal at each time point. Mean percentages of forward movement ± SEM are shown for WT (circles) and Gapds^–/– (squares) males. (B and C) Sperm tracks generated by CASA. Green tracks illustrate the movement of individual sperm in 1.5 sec and red dots indicate immotile or dead sperm. WT sperm (B) displayed vigorous progressive motility, whereas sperm from Gapds^–/– males (C) were motile but nonprogressive.