Table 4.
Multivariate logistic analysis of household subscription to the National Health Insurance Scheme.
| Variable | Category* | No. (%) | Odds ratio | P-value (unadjusted) | (95% CI) ) | Odds ratio (adjusted) | P-value | (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female (R) | 1141 (35.35) | 1.000 | 0.406 | - | 1.000 | - | - |
| Male | 2087 (64.65) | 0.939 | 0.406 | 0.81-1.09 | 0.754 | 0.008 | 0.61-0.93 | |
| Age (years) | ≤35 (R) | 796 (25.56) | 1.000 | 0.292 | - | 1.000 | - | - |
| 36-45 | 800 (25.69) | 1.161 | 0.144 | 0.95-1.42 | 1.307 | 0.017 | 1.05-1.63 | |
| 46-60 | 817 (26.24) | 1.111 | 0.298 | 0.91-1.36 | 1.410 | 0.003 | 1.12-1.77 | |
| ≥61 | 701 (22.51) | 1.211 | 0.071 | 0.98-1.49 | 1.866 | 0.000 | 1.44-2.14 | |
| Marital status | Married (R) | 2340 (72.49) | 1.000 | 0.489 | - | 1.000 | - | - |
| Single | 231 (7.16) | 0.843 | 0.219 | 0.64-1.11 | 0.686 | 0.017 | 0.50-0.93 | |
| Divorced | 263 (8.15) | 0.895 | 0.399 | 0.69-1.16 | 0.807 | 0.170 | 0.59-1.10 | |
| Widowed | 394 (12.21) | 1.046 | 0.686 | 0.84-1.30 | 0.912 | 0.536 | 0.68-1.22 | |
| Occupation | Farming (R) | 1489 (46.13) | 1.000 | <0.001 | - | 1.000 | - | - |
| Teachers/Students | 111 (3.44) | 2.933 | 0.000 | 1.84-4.66 | 1.659 | 0.085 | 0.93-2.95 | |
| Trading | 596 (18.46) | 1.344 | 0.003 | 1.11-1.63 | 1.046 | 0.698 | 0.83-1.32 | |
| Others | 1032 (31.97) | 1.498 | 0.000 | 1.27-1.76 | 1.110 | 0.297 | 0.91-1.35 | |
| Educational level | None (R) | 1085 (33.61) | 1.000 | <0.001 | - | 1.000 | - | - |
| Primary | 425 (13.17) | 0.886 | 0.294 | 0.71-1.11 | 0.991 | 0.941 | 0.77-1.27 | |
| Middle/ JHS | 1353 (41.91) | 1.246 | 0.008 | 1.06-1.47 | 1.295 | 0.010 | 1.06-1.57 | |
| SHS | 200 (6.20) | 1.472 | 0.017 | 1.07-2.02 | 1.501 | 0.024 | 1.06-2.13 | |
| Tertiary | 165 (5.11) | 3.153 | 0.000 | 2.10-4.72 | 2.142 | 0.003 | 1.31-3.51 | |
| Religious beliefs | Christianity (R) | 2548 (78.93) | 1.000 | 0.001 | - | 1.000 | - | - |
| Moslem | 576 (17.84) | 0.960 | 0.663 | 0.80-1.15 | 1.068 | 0.532 | 0.87-1.31 | |
| Others | 104 (3.22) | 0.483 | 0.000 | 0.33-0.72 | 0.574 | 0.010 | 0.38-0.87 | |
| Household size | ≤4 (R) | 1309 (40.55) | 1.000 | <0.001 | - | 1.000 | - | - |
| 5-8 | 1394 (43.18) | 1.002 | 0.985 | 0.86-1.17 | 0.945 | 0.526 | 0.79-1.13 | |
| 9-11 | 277 (8.58) | 0.685 | 0.005 | 0.53-0.89 | 0.605 | 0.010 | 0.45-0.81 | |
| ≤12 | 248 (7.68) | 0.404 | 0.000 | 0.31-0.53 | 0.333 | 0.000 | 0.24-0.45 | |
| Travel cost° | ≤3.90 GH¢ (R) | 2151 (66.64) | 1.000 | <0.001 | - | 1.000 | - | - |
| 4.00-7.50 GH¢ | 894 (27.70) | 0.592 | 0.000 | 0.51-0.69 | 0.841 | 0.037 | 0.69-1.03 | |
| ≥7.60 GH¢ | 183 (1.67) | 0.281 | 0.000 | 0.20-0.39 | 0.407 | 0.000 | 0.28-0.58 | |
| SES | Low (R) | 1874 (58.05) | 1.000 | <0.001 | - | 1.000 | - | - |
| Middle | 938 (28.97) | 1.738 | 0.000 | 1.05-1.43 | 1.467 | 0.000 | 1.21-1.77 | |
| High | 419 (12.98) | 2.136 | 0.000 | 1.22-1.89 | 1.656 | 0.000 | 1.27-2.16 |
CI, confidence interval; SES, socioeconomic status.
*R refers to the reference group used for comparison within each category;
°1 GH¢= $0.67 as at the time of the study.