Table 2. Summary of studies on gastrointestinal pathogens in Sub-Saharan Africa.
| Location, author and date of publication | Setting, HIV prevalence, sample source | Participants age, study design | No. of specimen tested | Overall pathogen isolation rates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guinea-Bissau: Bandim II & Belem of Bissau (2003)68 | Peri-urban, community based | 0–2 yrs; prospective cohort 2 yrs, follow-up | 11987 cases | Pathogens found in 58% of specimen |
| Kenya 2: Kisumu (2009)69 | Urban; HIV sero-prevalence was 1 3.6% amongst cases; hospital based | 0–2 yrs; prospective Cohort 2 yrs, follow-up. | 630 cases | Pathogens found in 32.2% of specimen. |
| Nigeria (1): Abakaliki (2008)70 | Mixed setting; primary health care unit | 0–4 yrs; retrospective study | 150 cases 50 controls | Pathogens found in 81.3% of specimen |
| Nigeria (2): East Central State (1997)71 | Mixed setting; hospital based | 0–5 yrs; retrospective study | 1015 cases 401 controls | Pathogens found in 21.0 % and 3.9% (P<0.001) of cases and control specimen respectively |
| Zambia: Lusaka 1 (1998)72 | Peri-urban; hospital based | 0–5 yrs; retrospective study | 639 | Pathogens found in 29.9% of specimen. |
| Mozambique: Maputo province (2007)73 | Rural, hospital based | 0–5 yrs; retrospective study | 529 cases | Pathogens found in 42.2% of specimen |
| Cameroon: Yaounde (2008)74 | Urban, community based | 0–5 yrs; retrospective study | 3034 cases | pathogens found in 59.5% of specimen |
| Tanzania: Ifakara (2004)75 | Urban; hospital based | 0–5 yrs; retrospective study | 451 cases | Pathogens found in 67.6% of specimen. |
| Ghana: Bulpelia / Tamale (2007)76 | Urban, primary health care unit | 0–11 yrs; case control study | 243 cases, 124 controls | Pathogens found in 76.5 % and 53.2% (P<0.001) of cases and control specimen, respectively |
| Central African Rep. Bangui (1994)77 | Urban, hospital based | 0–15 yrs; retrospective study | 1197 cases | Pathogens found in 49.4% of specimen |
| Zaire: Kinshasa (1994)78 | Urban; hospital and health centre based | 0–5 years; matched case control | 173 cases, 155 controls | Pathogens found in 100% and 94% of cases and control specimen respectively |
| Zaire: Kivu (1983)79 | Peri-urban; hospital based | 0–5 years; case control | 355 cases; 320 controls | Pathogens found in 40.3% and 14.1% of cases and control specimen respectively. |
| Nigeria: Lagos (1994)80 | Urban; hospital and health centre based | 0–5 years; case control | 215 cases, 100 controls | Pathogens found in 74.9% and 28% of cases and control specimen respectively |
| Nigeria: Osun State (2003)81 | Urban; hospital based | 0–5 years; retrospective study | 135 | Pathogens found in 100% of cases. |
| Nigeria: Abuja (2008)82 | Peri-urban; hospital based | 0–5 years; retrospective study | 404 | Pathogens found in 68.5% of cases. |
| Burkina Faso: Ouagadougou (2007)83 | Peri-urban; HIV sero-prevalence = approx 10.6% amongst cases health centre based | 0–5 years; retrospective study | 66 | Pathogens found in 42.4% of cases. |
| Ghana: Tamale (2008)84 | Peri-urban; health centre based | 0–11 years; case control | 243 cases; 124 controls | Pathogens found in 92.6% and 86.3% of cases and control specimen, respectively. |
| Uganda: Kampala (2009)85 | Peri-urban; HIV sero-prevalence = approx 24.7% amongst cases hospital based | 0–5 years; retrospective study | 190 | Pathogens found in 24.7% of specimen. |
| Meta-analysis: random effects mean isolation rate in children: 58.1% (95% CI; 50.1–65.6%); heterogeneity P<0.046; | ||||
| Malawi: Lilongwe (1996)86 | Urban; HIV sero-prevalence = approx 60% amongst controls; hospital based | ≥12 yrs; case control study. | 132 cases 73 controls | Pathogens found in 48.3% and 2% of cases and control specimen respectively. |
| Uganda: Entebbe (2002)87 | Semi-urban; HIV sero-prevalence = approx 100% amongst cases and controls; community based | Adults (IQR = 26–36 yrs) Prospective Cohort, 2 yrs, follow-up | 357 cases, 127 controls | Pathogens found in 49% and 39% of cases and control specimen, respectively |
| Zambia: Lusaka (2) (1996)88 | Urban; HIV sero-prevalence = approx 97% amongst cases; community based. | 18–79 yrs; retrospective study | 77 | Pathogens found in 78% of specimen |
| Zambia, Misisi, Lusaka (3) (2009)89 | Urban; HIV sero-prevalence was 31% amongst cases; hospital based | 18–79 yrs; prospective Cohort, 3 yrs, follow-up | 4780 | Pathogens found in 99% of specimen |
| Central African Republic, Bangui (1998)90 | HIV sero-prevalence = approx 74% and 52% amongst cases and controls, respectively; hospital based | >18 years; case control | 290 cases; 140 controls | Pathogens found in 55.5% and 61.4% of cases and control specimen, respectively |
| Meta-analysis: random effects mean isolation rate in adults: 65.6% (95% CI, 26.0–91.2%); heterogeneity P<0.454 | ||||
| South Africa: Venda region (2003)91 | Rural; community based | All age groups; retrospective study | 401 cases | Pathogens found in >95.3% of specimen (totals not given) |
| Burkina Fasa: Ouagadougou (2002)92 | Rural; hospital based | All age groups; retrospective study | 4131 (protozoa) 826 (bacteria) | Pathogens found in 8% of specimen, respectively |
| Kenya 1: Asembo Bay (2006)93 | Rural, community based | 0–70+ years; retrospective surveillance type | 3445 cases | Pathogens found in 31.7% of specimen |
| Kenya 1: Asembo Bay (2003)94 | Rural, health centre based | 0–70+ years; retrospective surveillance type | 451 cases | Pathogens found in 51.% of specimen |
Meta-analysis: random effects mean isolation rate in mixed-ages: 26.8% (95% CI, 11.3–51.3%); heterogeneity P<0.063. Overall random effects mean isolation rate for all age groups: 55.7% (95% CI, 48.2–62.9%); heterogeneity P>0.05. Q=5.806; df =2, P=0.055.