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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 10.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS Care. 2015 Nov 17;28(4):436–440. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1112347

Table 1. Demographic and behavioral characteristics of participants (N=14).

HIV-uninfected n=5 HIV-infected n=9 p-value
Demographic characteristics n(%) n(%)
Black/African American 0 (0) 4 (44.4) 0.08
Age [median (IQR)] 57 (56-58) 55 (55-57) 0.69
Male gender*1 3 (60.0) 9 (100.0) 0.03
Education less than college 4 (80.0) 6 (67.7) 0.56
Currently employed* 5 (100.0) 4 (44.4) 0.04
Current smoker 0 (0.0) 3 (33.3) 0.26
Currently drinks alcohol 3 (60.0) 6 (67.7) 0.79
Ever used illicit drugs 5 (100.0) 9 (100.0) n/a
Ever diagnosed with a psychological/psychiatric condition* 1 (20.0) 7 (77.8) 0.04
CD4 [median (IQR)] N/A 500 (463-660) n/a
Years since diagnosed [median (IQR)] N/A 21 (11-22) n/a
MMSE [median (IQR)] 2 29 (28-29) 29 (29-29) 0.34
Neurocognitive testing Median (IQR) Median (IQR)
Wisconsin card sort (median, IQR)
Categories completed3 2 (1,4) 2 (1, 4) 0.84
Categories completed percent3 78 (55, 81) 62 (48, 75) 0.31
Perseverative errors4 5 (4,5) 7 (1, 10) 0.11
Perseverative errors percent4 7.8 (6.3, 7.8) 10.9 (1.6, 15.6) 0.31
Trail making test (TMT, median, IQR)
TMT Part A (seconds) 4 34.1 (29.9, 37.9) 36.5 (34.2, 45.9) 0.56
TMT Part B (seconds) 4 44.9 (36.8,48.8) 46.0 (37.1, 61.3) 0.55
Patient's assessment of own functioning inventory (PAOFI)
PAOFI subscale: higher functioning4 1 (1, 5) 7 (1,9) 0.30
PAOFI subscale: memory4 12 (7, 16) 10.5 (7.5, 16.0) 0.88
PAOFI subscale: language4 7 (7, 8) 9.5 (4.0, 12.5) 0.34
PAOFI subscale: motor4 3 (2, 4) 2 (1.5, 3.5) 0.71
PAOFI total score4 22 (22, 29) 30.5 (14, 40.5) 0.38
FMRI
FMRI cost of task switch (median, IQR)*** 2# 0.125 (0.079,0.157) -0.076 (-0.082,-0.049) <0.001
*

p<0.05

**

p<0.01

***

p<0.001

(p-values are provided as a means of guiding interpretation of the findings of this hypothesis generating study only. Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables, two-sample t-test was used for continuous variables, and non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis) was used for non-continuous numeric variables).

#

HIV status was associated with having lower signal change scores, with none of the HIV-uninfected persons having a score lower than the median, and 7 infected persons having a compromised score (0% vs. 77.8%, p=0.005). Similarly, older age was associated with having lower scores independent of HIV status with 1 person under the median age of 57 having a compromised score compared with 6 over that cutpoint (16.7% vs. 75.0%, p=0.031).

1

One HIV-negative male at birth who currently identified as transgender classified as male for this analysis.

2

Having MMSE 27 or higher was required as an eligibility criterion to ensure ability to consent for the study.

4

Higher score indicates less favorable cognitive functioning