Table 1. Muscle properties of plantaris longus (PL) and jumping performance of frogs.
Only near maximal jumps (jumps of > 50cm) were included in the analysis. The muscle properties were averaged across all animals tested (Nmuscle = 2), while the jumping performances were averaged across all analyzed jumps (Njump = 15). Data were expressed in mean ± standard error of the mean.
| Whole frog | Muscle-tendon unit of PL | Fascicle of PL | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle properties | |||||||||
| Mass (g) | 26.0 | ± | 0.2 | 0.5 | ± | 0.0 | — | ||
| Length (mm) | — | 32 | ± | 1 | 17.7 | ± | 0.1 | ||
| PCSA(mm2) | — | 28.6 | ± | 0.5 | — | ||||
| Angle of pennation (°) | — | — | 8.2 | ± | 0.5 | ||||
| Jumping Performance | |||||||||
| Jump distance (cm) | 59 | ± | 1 | — | — | ||||
| Take-off angle (°) | 54 | ± | 1 | — | — | ||||
| Duration of activation (ms) | — | 97 | ± | 11 | — | ||||
| Duration of propulsive phase (ms) | 109 | ± | 4 | — | — | ||||
| Peak vertical ground reaction force (N) | 1.00 | ± | 0.04 | ||||||
| Time to peak force (% of prop. phase) | — | 70 | ± | 1 | — | ||||
| Shortening length (mm) | — | 3.7 | ± | 0.2 | 1.4 | ± | 0.1 | ||
| Peak muscle force (N) | — | 3.3 | ± | 0.2 | — | ||||
| Peak muscle stress (kNm-2) | — | 114 | ± | 5 | — | ||||
| Peak shortening velocity (mm/s) | — | 88 | ± | 4 | 25 | ± | 1 | ||
| Normalized peak power of frog, P_body (W/kg) | 73 | ± | 3 | — | — | ||||
| Normalized peak power of MTU, P_MTU (W/kg) | — | 536 | ± | 47 | — | ||||
| Range of normalized power (W/kg) | 54 | — | 88 | 256 | — | 753 | — | ||