Table 2.
Summary of the paper lists and features
| Reference | Technology (n) | Placement | Feedback | Evaluation | Wearability | Measurement &Rehabilitation Purpose |
Target population | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee et al. 2010; [37] | Accel (n = 2) | Upper arm, Forearm | KP | Concurrent; Kinematic rendering of upper extremity. | VR | Tech. | Accuracy experiment on rotary stage and comparison experiment with goniometer (n = 1) | Strapped with Velcro; Attachable; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | General rehabilitation (arm) |
| Kapur et al. 2010; [38] | Magnetometer (n = 3) | Wrist, Elbow, Clavicle | KP, KR | Concurrent; Kinematic rendering of upper extremity, Vibration for movement direction; Prescriptive KP FB; |
VR; Vibrotactile FB | None | N/A | Full-body Suit; Embedded, normal wire; |
Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Stroke |
| Luo et al. 2010; [39] | OLE (6), IMU (n = 2) | Upper arm, Elbow, Wrist, Finger |
KR | Concurrent; VR game based on Kinematic rendering of upper extremity and hand, Sound FB. | VR (game); Auditory FB |
Tech. | Reliability Test (n = 5); | Arm Suit & Glove; Attachable; |
Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Stroke |
| Wang et al. 2010; [40] | Accel (up to 8), | Upper arm, Elbow, Wrist |
KP, KR |
Concurrent; Movement curve of each sensor node, Video of patient’s training. |
Visual FB (PC, PDA) |
Usab. | Pre-clinical evaluation trial on patients (n = 2) | Strapped with Fabric bands; Attachable; |
Speed & Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Ligament injury, Hemiplegic rehabilitation |
| Wai et al. 2010; [41] | IRIS mote (accel & gyro) | Upper arm Forearm | KP, KR |
Concurrent; Kinematic rendering of body, Sensor Reading. | Visual FB (PC) |
Tech. | Accuracy measurement on subject | Based on straps; Attachable; |
Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | General rehabilitation |
| Dunne et al. 2010; [42] | Accel (n = 1) | Chest | KR | Concurrent; Game score based on trunk posture, BW FB on trunk compensatory movement. | Visual FB (Multi-Touch Display, game) | None | N/A | Portable device, Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve posture and movement performance; | Cerebral palsy children |
| Timmermans et al. 2010; [4] | IMU (n = 3) | Chest, Upper arm, Forearm |
KP, KR |
Concurrent & Terminal; Gauge represents real-time joint angle, Avatar animation of upper body, Movement parameters score, etc.; |
Visual FB (PC) | Usab. Clini. |
Clinical evaluation (n =9) | Garment on torso & Strap on arm; Attachable; |
ROM & Body Segment Posture; Improve active joint range of motion; Improve performance of ADL skills. |
Stroke |
| Harms et al. 2010; [43] | Accel (n = 2) | Forearm, Upper arm |
KP | Concurrent; Avatar animation of upper body; | Visual FB | Tech. | Accuracy test on normal people (n = 5) | Embedded into a wearable garment; Embedded; |
ROM; Improve posture; Improve active joint range of motion; | General Rehabilitation (Shoulder and Elbow) |
| Markopoulos et al. 2011; [44] | Accel (n = 2) | Wrist | KR | Terminal; Summary FB of arm use; | Visual FB (Watch-like device) |
Usab. | Preclinical & Usability Test on real patients (n = 9) | Watch-like device; Attachable; |
Amount of Use; Overcome learned non-use; Improve performance of ADL skills. |
Stroke |
| Moya et al. 2011; [45] | IMU (n = 4) | Back, Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist | KP KR |
Concurrent; Avatar animation of bodyand arm movement, Sphere animation for trajectory indication, Repetition number, progress bar; Prescriptive; |
VR (game) | Usab. | Preclinical & Usability Test (n = 23 therapists) | Special garment fixes sensor with Velcro; Attachable; |
Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Stroke |
| Nguyen et al. 2011; [46] | OLE, Accel | Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist | KP | Concurrent; Kinematic model of upper arm and forearm; Prescriptive KP; | VR | Tech. | Comparison experiments for accuracy andperformance (n = 3); Repeatability and Reliability test (n = 5) |
Fabric sensor package with Velcro strap; Embedded; |
ROM;Improve active joint range of motion; | Stroke |
| Ambar et al. 2012; [48] | Flex sensor, Accel | Elbow, Forearm, Wrist |
KR | Terminal; The number of the arm bent movement; | Visual FB (LCD) |
Tech. | 1, sensor performance report; 2, Comparison Experiment of FSRs and EMG; 3, ACC measurement activity. | Strapped with Velcro; Attachable; |
Amount of Use; Improve performance of ADL skills. | Stroke |
| Alankus et al. 2012; [49] | Accel (Wii built-in, n = 2) | Back, Upper arm | KR | Concurrent; Game result based on both trunk and arm movement; BW FB for trunk and arm compensatory movement; | Screen Visual FB (PC game); Auditory FB |
Tech. Usab. |
Validation Test on normal people (n = 2); Preclinical & Usability Test on patients (n = 11) |
Harness with straps around the neck, armband; Attachable; |
Body Segment Posture; Improve posture and movement performance; | Stroke |
| Delbressine et al. 2012; [3] | Accel (n = 2) | Back, Shoulder | KR | Concurrent; BW FB on trunk or shoulder compensatory movement with vibration; | Visual FB (Touchscreen) |
Usab. | Preclinical & Usability Test on patients (n = 7) | Vest; Attachable; pocket | Body Segment Posture; Improve posture; Improve performance of ADL; |
Stroke |
| Jeong et al. 2012; [50] | Accel (n = 1) | Wrist | KR | Concurrent & Terminal; Speed, count, time of cycling movement; |
Visual FB (PC) | Tech. | Accuracy test on normal people (n = 7) | Strapped with Velcro; Attachable; | Amount of Use & Speed; Encourage arm hand use; Motivate exercise performance; |
General Rehabilitation (arm) |
| Myllymaa et al. 2012; [51] | Accel (n = 1) | Arm | KP | Concurrent; Motion instruction; Prescriptive KP FB; | Vibrotactile FB, | None | N/A | Strapped with band; Attachable; | Amount of Use; Improve muscle strength; |
General Rehabilitation (arm) |
| Ding et al. 2013; [52] | IMU (n = 2) | Forearm, Upper arm | KP, KR | Concurrent; Indication of movement direction for upper extremity; BW FB for the reference position; Prescriptive KP FB; |
Vibrotactile FB | Tech. | Accuracy test on subjects (n = 5) | Strapped with Velcro; Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve posture and movement performance; | Stroke |
| Saggio et al. 2013; [53] | Flex sensor (n = 5) | Finger, Palm |
KP | Concurrent; Hand avatar; | Visual FB (PC) | Tech. Usab. |
Repeatability and reliability test on normal people (n = 6); Usability test on normal people (n = 6) |
Glove;Attachable; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; |
General Rehabilitation (hand) |
| Spina et al. 2013; [54] | IMU (Smartphone built in) | Limb segment | KR KP |
Concurrent & Terminal; Teach mode and Train mode; Error notification, repetition number, motion speed; Prescriptive KP; |
Visual FB (Smartphone); Auditory FB |
Usab. | Usability test on normal people (n = 4) and patients (n = 7) | Strapped with holster; Attachable; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; |
COPD (Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease rehabilitation) |
| Bleser et al. 2013; [55] | IMU (up to 10) | Chest, Upper arm, Forearm, Pelvis |
KR KP | Concurrent & Terminal; Movement Error notification and correction FB; Training time, repetition number, progress bar; Descriptive; |
Visual FB (Television screen); Auditory FB |
Tech. Usab. |
Technical evaluation based on therapy ground truth (n = 7) Clinical evaluation focusing on usability and acceptance on patients (n = 30) |
Based on Velcro straps and elastic silicon; Attachable; | ROM & Body Segment Posture; Improve active joint range of motion; Improve movement performance; |
General Rehabilitation; |
| Daponte et al. 2013; [56] | IMU (>2) | Limb segment (Upper arm, Forearm) | KP | Concurrent; Avatar animation of arm movement, Real-time joint angle & ROM value; |
VR | Tech. | Function validation test (n = 1) | Velcro based Sleevelet units; Embedded; |
ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | General Rehabilitation; |
| Luster et al. 2013; [57] | Accel (n = 2), | Wrist | KR | Concurrent; BW FB on impaired arm use; | Vibrotactile FB, | Usab. | Usability test of vibration Feedback, Stroke patients (n = 4) | Wristband; Embedded; |
Amount of Use; Overcome learned non-use; |
Stroke |
| Bhomer et al.[58], 2013; | Stretch sensing fabric | Arm, low back | KP | Concurrent; Sound FB matched the arm and low back movement, Movement region indication; |
Visual FB (Smartphone); Auditory FB |
Usab. | Usability test with therapist and patients | Knitted garment; Integrated; |
ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; |
Alzheimer |
| Friedman et al. 2014; [47] | Electrical lead (n = 6) | Finger | KR | Concurrent; Game result based on finger pinch and grasp motion; | Screen Visual FB (PC game); Auditory FB |
Usab. Randomized Clic. |
Usability test with storke patients (n = 10) Randomized clinical trial with stroke patients (n = 12). |
Glove; Integrated; | Body Segment Posture; Improve coordination; Improve performance of ADL skills. | Stroke |
| Ferreira et al. 2014; [59] | IMU (Smartphone built-in) | Wrist | KR | Concurrent; Game results on arm movement performance; | Visual FB (Smartphone game) | Tech. Usab. |
Accuracy measurement on structure, Usability of the system on patients (n = 1) |
Wristband; Attachable; |
Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Stroke |
| Fortino et al. 2014; [60] | Accel (n = 2) | Upper arm, Elbow |
KP, KR |
Concurrent & Terminal; Kinematic rendering of limb bending movementperformance, Improvement index data; Descriptive; |
Visual FB (Smartphone) | Tech. | Estimation accuracy on normal subject (n = 1) | Elastic bracelets; Attachable; |
ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | General Rehabilitation (arm) |
| Panchanathan et al. 2014; [61] | IMU (n > 1) | Upper arm, Forearm |
KP | Concurrent; Vibration instruction for position and speed error; | Vibrotactile FB | Usab. | Usability test withnormal people (n = 16) | Sleeve; Embedded; Conductive ribbon | Body Segment Posture & Speed; Improve movement performance; |
General Rehabilitation(arm) |
| Rahman et al. 2014; [62] | LDR sensor | Hand | KR | Terminal; Game score on arm movement; | VR (game) | Tech. | Accuracy and sensitivity test on normal people (n = 2) | Fabric Glove; Embedded; Normal wire |
Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Cerebral Palsy |
| Salim et al. 2014; [63] | Tilt sensor (n = 2) | Hand | KP | Concurrent; Indication of arm movement direction; | Visual FB (Smartphone) |
Tech. | Pilot experiment (n = 1) | Fabric Glove; Embedded; Normal wire |
Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Stroke |
| Friedman et al. 2014; [64] | Magnetometer (n = 2), Accel (n = 1) |
Wrist, finger | KP | Concurrent; Amount of use of wrist and finger; | Visual FB (Tablet) |
Tech. | Accuracy test on normal peoplev (n = 7) | Watch-like device, ring; Attachable; |
Amount of Use; Encourage arm hand use; Motivate exercise performance; |
General Rehabilitation (hand) |
| Parker et al. 2014; [65] | IMU (n = 3) | Chest, Upper arm, Wrist | KP, KR |
Concurrent & Terminal; Characteristics and results of performance by avatar presentation and charts; Prescriptive; |
Visual FB (PC) | Usab. | Home-based on usability test on real patients (n = 5) | Garment on torso & Strap on arm; Attachable; |
ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; Improve performance of ADL skills; | Stroke |
| Halic et al. 2014; [66] | Flex sensor (n = 5), | Finger | KP, KR |
Concurrent; Avatar presentation, Game score; | Visual Game (Smartphone) |
Usab. | Usability test with normal people (n = 46) | Glove; Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | General Rehabilitation (hand and wrist) |
| Tsekleves et al. 2014; [67] | IMU (Wii plus built-in, n = 2) |
Upper arm, Forearm |
KR, KP |
Concurrent & Terminal; Avatar presentation, game score, ROM value; |
VR (game) | Tech. Usab. Clic. |
Accuracy test on structure; Usability test with stroke patients (n = 3); Small Clinical trial (n = 1) |
Based on strips; Attachable; |
Body Segment Posture; Improve active joint range of motion; Improve movement performance; |
Stroke |
| Moreira et al. 2014; [68] | IMU (n = 11) | Finger, Palm | KP | 3d hand model animation, | VR | Tech. | Accuracy test with structure; Reliability evaluation on normal people (n = 1); |
Glove; Embedded; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | General Rehabilitation (hand) |
| O’Flynn et al. 2015; [69] | IMU (n = 16) | Finger, Palm | KR,KP | Concurrent & Terminal; Movement error summary; 3d hand model animation, dynamic movement value& analysis; |
VR | Tech. | Comparison accuracy test on structure. | N/A | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | Arthritis Rehabiliation |
| Hermanis et al. 2015; [70] | IMU (up to 200) | Back | KP | Concurrent; 3D rendering surface showing the current posture of back or limb; | Visual FB (Smartphone, Tablet or PC) |
None | N/A | Sensing fabric based on sensor grids; Embedded; normal wire | Body Segment Posture; Improve posture; | Bones trauma or General Rehabilitation |
| Holden et al. 2015 [71] | Accel (n = 2) | Wrist | KR | Concurrent & Terminal; Training notification; |
Visual FB (Watch-like device); Vibrotactile FB; |
Usab. | Usability test on patients (n = 7) | Watch-like device; Attachable; | Amount of Use; Encourage arm hand use; |
Stroke |
| Ongvisatepaiboon et al. 2015; [72] | Accel (Smartphone built-in) | Elbow | KP, KR |
Concurrent & Terminal; Shoulder joint angle value, repetition number; |
Visual FB (Smartphone) |
Tech. | Accuracy test on normal people (n = 1) | Armband; Attachable | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Frozen shoulder rehabilitation |
| Lee et al. 2015; [73] | Accel (n = 1) | Back | KR | Concurrent; BW FB of unbalance error; | Visual FB (Smartphone); Vibrotactile FB |
None | N/A | Based on strips; Embedded, normal wire |
Body Segment Posture; Improve posture; | General Rehabilitation |
| Rahman et al. 2015; [74] | Accel (n = 1) | Upper arm | KR | Concurrent; Successful repetition number; | Visual FB (Smartphone Game); | Tech. | Accuracy test on normal people (n = 5) | Based on strips; Attachable |
Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Spinal cord injury |
| Klaassen et al. 2015; [75] | IMU (n = 8), KPF strain (n = 2), KPF goniometer, |
Chest, Upper arm, Forearm, Spine, Hand |
KR,KP | Terminal; Range of motion value of body segments; Reaching performance; 3D full body reconstruction; |
Visual FB; | Usab. | Usability test on normal people. | Shirt and glove; Integrated; Embedded; |
ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | Stroke |
| Wang et al. 2016; [76] | IMU (n = 3) | Back, Shoulder | KR | Concurrent; Torso and shoulder movement value; BW FB on compensatory movement of torso or shoulder; |
Visual FB (Smartphone); Vibrotactile FB; Auditory FB |
Tech. Usab. |
Accuracy test on normal people (n = 7) Usability test on patients (n = 8) |
Embedded into a wearable garment; Embedded; conductive yarn |
Body Segment Posture; Improve posture and movement performance; |
Stroke, shoulder pain |
| Bittel et al. 2016; [77] | Accel (Smartphone built-in) | Arm | KP | Concurrent & Terminal; Angular movement error; |
Visual FB (Smartphone) | Tech. | Accuracy and precision test (Comparison experiment with Biodex isokinetic dynamometer) | N/A; Attachable | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | General Rehabilitation |
| Newbold et al. 2016; [78] | IMU (Smartphone built-in) | Low back | KP | Concurrent; Sinification based on stretch forward movement; | Auditory FB | Usab. | Usability test on normal people (n = 21); | Strapped with band; Attachable; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; Reduce pain; | Chronic pain rehabilitation |
| Ploderer et al. 2016; [79] | IMU (n = 3) | Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist |
KP, KR |
Terminal; Movement quality, joint ROM value and arm movement heat map; Exercise time and movements number; | Visual FB (PC) | Tech. Usab. |
Accuracy test on normal people (n = 1); Usability test on therapists (n = 8) |
Based on Velcro straps; Attachable; | ROM & Body Segment Posture; Improve active joint range of motion; Improve posture and movement performance; |
Stroke |
Abbreviations: KR Knowledge of results, KP Knowledge of performance, ROM Range of motion, FB Feedback, FSR Force sensitive resistor, Accel Accelerometer, IMU Inertial measurement unit, OLE Optical Linear Encoder, LDR sensor Light Dependent Resistor, BW FB BandWidth Feedback, VR Virtual Reality, ROM Range of motion, Tech. Technical evaluation, Usab. Usability test, Clini. Clinical trial, PC Personal Computer, KPF Knitted Piezoresistive Fabric