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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 28;81(7):585–594. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.09.015

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Chronic heroin use is associated with transcriptional and epigenetic impairments related to glutamatergic neurotransmission and histone acetylation. (a–c) Transcriptional profiling of the ventral striatum of human heroin users and matched controls. (A) The most significantly upregulated and most significantly downregulated WGCNA modules. Turquoise: genes related to neuronal function; orange: genes related to synaptic transmission; yellow: genes related to oxidative phosphorylation; darkgreen: genes related to mitochondrial function. (B) Metacore network analysis of the differentially expressed genes. (C–F) mRNA levels of selected genes related to (C,E) glutamatergic neurotransmission and (D,F) histone acetylation; (C,D) Affymetrix HG-U133A microarray results and (E,F) NanoString results. Bar graphs represent mean ± s.e.m. Multiple regression, *P < 0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001; microarray: n=26 for controls and n=22 for heroin users, NanoString: n=16 for controls and n=20 for heroin users.