Table 1.
Summary of typical values used in quantification routines outlined in the text. References are intended to be representative and are not comprehensive owing to the extremely large range of studies quantifying these parameters.
| Parameter | Value | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| MRI relaxation times (3.0T) | ||
| T1 of arterial blood water (Y = 0.92 ± 0.07; Hct = 0.42) |
1664 ms | (Lu et al., 2004a) |
|
T2 arterial blood water (Y = 0.92 – 0.99; Hct=0.44) |
96 – 122 ms | (Zhao et al., 2007) |
|
T2* of arterial blood water (Y = 0.92 – 0.99; Hct=0.44) |
49–55 ms | (Zhao et al., 2007) |
| T1 of venous blood water (Y = 0.69 ± 0.08; Hct=0.42) |
1584 ms | (Lu et al., 2004a) |
|
T2 of venous blood (Y = 0.51 – 0.65; Hct=0.44) |
23–35 ms | (Zhao et al., 2007) |
|
T2* of venous blood water (Y = 0.51 – 0.65; Hct=0.44) |
15–22 ms | (Zhao et al., 2007) |
| T1 of gray matter | 1209 ms | (Lu et al., 2005) |
| T2 of gray matter | 71 ms | (Donahue et al., 2006) |
| T1 of white matter | 758 ms | (Lu et al., 2005) |
| T2 of white matter | 81 ms | (Lu et al., 2005) |
| T1 of CSF | 4300 ms | (Lu et al., 2005) |
| T2 of CSF | 1442–2000 ms | (Donahue et al., 2006; Gabr et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2005) |
| Physiological constants | ||
| Blood brain partition coefficient: λ | 0.9 ml blood / g tissue | (Herscovitch and Raichle, 1985) |
| Water density of gray matter: CGM | 0.89 ml water / ml tissue | (Lu et al., 2002) |
| Water density of blood: Cb |
Cb=0.95–0.22•Hct ml water / ml blood |
(Herscovitch and Raichle, 1985) (Lu et al., 2002) |
| Water density of CSF: CCSF | 1 ml water / ml CSF | (Donahue et al., 2006) |
| Healthy ranges of physiological parameters | ||
| Bolus arrival time (BAT) | 700–1500 ms | (Donahue et al., 2014b; MacIntosh et al., 2010; Mildner et al., 2014; Petersen et al., 2010; Wong et al., 1997) |
| Basal gray matter CBF | 40–60 ml blood / 100g tissue / min |
(Grubb et al., 1974; Petersen et al., 2010) |
| Basal white matter CBF | 16–30 ml blood / 100g tissue / min |
(Grubb et al., 1974; van Osch et al., 2009) |
| Basal gray matter CBV | 0.047–0.055 ml blood / ml parenchyma |
(Donahue et al., 2010b; Grubb et al., 1974; Grubb et al., 1978; Lu et al., 2003) |
| Basal white matter CBV | 0.019 – 0.028 ml blood / ml parenchyma |
(Grubb et al., 1974; Grubb et al., 1978) |
| Fractional gray matter CBF response to strong neuronal stimulation |
5–100% | (Donahue et al., 2009a; Gonzalez-At et al., 2000) |
| Fractional total gray matter CBV response to strong neuronal stimulation |
5–55% | (Ciris et al., 2014; Donahue et al., 2009a; Guidi et al., 2016; Hua et al., 2009; Hua et al., 2011a; Huber et al., 2016a) |
| Oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) | 0.30 – 0.40 | (Jordan et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2011; Powers et al., 1985) |
| Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2) |
2 – 4 ml oxygen / 100g tissue / min |
(Lu et al., 2011; Maeda et al., 2015; Perlmutter et al., 1987; Powers et al., 1985) |
| Macrovascular hematocrit: Hct | 38.5 – 50 % (male) 34.9 – 44.5 % (female) |
(Adamson and Finch, 1975; Beck, 1991; Guyton, 1977) |
| Total hemoglobin: Hb | 13.8 – 17.2 g/dL (male) 12.1 – 15.1 g/dL (female) |
(Beck, 1991; Guyton, 1977) |
| Arterial blood oxygenation: Ya | 0.94 – 1.00 | (Adamson and Finch, 1975; Beck, 1991; Guyton, 1977; Lu et al., 2011) |
| Venous blood oxygenation: Yv | 0.52 – 0.69 | (Guyton, 1977; Lu et al., 2011) |