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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroimage. 2016 Sep 11;154:43–58. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.007

Table 1.

Summary of typical values used in quantification routines outlined in the text. References are intended to be representative and are not comprehensive owing to the extremely large range of studies quantifying these parameters.

Parameter Value Reference
MRI relaxation times (3.0T)

T1 of arterial blood water (Y = 0.92
± 0.07; Hct = 0.42)
1664 ms (Lu et al., 2004a)
T2 arterial blood water (Y = 0.92 –
0.99; Hct=0.44)
96 – 122 ms (Zhao et al., 2007)
T2* of arterial blood water (Y =
0.92 – 0.99; Hct=0.44)
49–55 ms (Zhao et al., 2007)
T1 of venous blood water (Y = 0.69
± 0.08; Hct=0.42)
1584 ms (Lu et al., 2004a)
T2 of venous blood (Y = 0.51 – 0.65;
Hct=0.44)
23–35 ms (Zhao et al., 2007)
T2* of venous blood water (Y =
0.51 – 0.65; Hct=0.44)
15–22 ms (Zhao et al., 2007)
T1 of gray matter 1209 ms (Lu et al., 2005)
T2 of gray matter 71 ms (Donahue et al., 2006)
T1 of white matter 758 ms (Lu et al., 2005)
T2 of white matter 81 ms (Lu et al., 2005)
T1 of CSF 4300 ms (Lu et al., 2005)
T2 of CSF 1442–2000 ms (Donahue et al., 2006; Gabr et al., 2016;
Lu et al., 2005)

Physiological constants

Blood brain partition coefficient: λ 0.9 ml blood / g tissue (Herscovitch and Raichle, 1985)
Water density of gray matter: CGM 0.89 ml water / ml tissue (Lu et al., 2002)
Water density of blood: Cb Cb=0.95–0.22•Hct
ml water / ml blood
(Herscovitch and Raichle, 1985)
(Lu et al., 2002)
Water density of CSF: CCSF 1 ml water / ml CSF (Donahue et al., 2006)

Healthy ranges of physiological parameters

Bolus arrival time (BAT) 700–1500 ms (Donahue et al., 2014b; MacIntosh et al., 2010;
Mildner et al., 2014;
Petersen et al., 2010; Wong et al., 1997)
Basal gray matter CBF 40–60 ml blood / 100g
tissue / min
(Grubb et al., 1974; Petersen et al., 2010)
Basal white matter CBF 16–30 ml blood / 100g
tissue / min
(Grubb et al., 1974; van Osch et al., 2009)
Basal gray matter CBV 0.047–0.055 ml blood /
ml parenchyma
(Donahue et al., 2010b; Grubb et al., 1974;
Grubb et al., 1978; Lu et al., 2003)
Basal white matter CBV 0.019 – 0.028 ml blood /
ml parenchyma
(Grubb et al., 1974; Grubb et al., 1978)
Fractional gray matter CBF
response to strong neuronal
stimulation
5–100% (Donahue et al., 2009a; Gonzalez-At et al., 2000)
Fractional total gray matter CBV
response to strong neuronal
stimulation
5–55% (Ciris et al., 2014; Donahue et al., 2009a;
Guidi et al., 2016; Hua et al., 2009;
Hua et al., 2011a; Huber et al., 2016a)
Oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) 0.30 – 0.40 (Jordan et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2011;
Powers et al., 1985)
Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen
consumption (CMRO2)
2 – 4 ml oxygen / 100g
tissue / min
(Lu et al., 2011; Maeda et al., 2015;
Perlmutter et al., 1987; Powers et al., 1985)
Macrovascular hematocrit: Hct 38.5 – 50 % (male)
34.9 – 44.5 % (female)
(Adamson and Finch, 1975;
Beck, 1991; Guyton, 1977)
Total hemoglobin: Hb 13.8 – 17.2 g/dL (male)
12.1 – 15.1 g/dL (female)
(Beck, 1991; Guyton, 1977)
Arterial blood oxygenation: Ya 0.94 – 1.00 (Adamson and Finch, 1975;
Beck, 1991; Guyton, 1977; Lu et al., 2011)
Venous blood oxygenation: Yv 0.52 – 0.69 (Guyton, 1977; Lu et al., 2011)