Table 2.
Indices reflecting the metabolic response after ingestion of 138 g 13C-enriched control bread and 137 g 13C-enriched kernel bread in healthy men
| Fasting values | Peak values | Time to peak (min) | iAUC (0–2 h) | iAUC (0–6 h) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose (mmol/L) | |||||
| CB | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 8.3 ± 0.3 | 40.5 ± 3.2 | 163.2 ± 20.5 | 197.0 ± 23.4 |
| KB | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.3 | 34.5 ± 2.3 | 159.4 ± 30.1 | 195.4 ± 35.4 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | |||||
| CB | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 69.9 ± 10.5 | 43.5 ± 3.5 | 3290.9 ± 528.8 | 4193.0 ± 936.6 |
| KB | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 48.7 ± 4.5 | 36.0 ± 2.4 | 2262.1 ± 205.4 | 2707.6 ± 292.9 |
| Glucagon (pmol/L) | |||||
| CB | 8.3 ± 1.0 | 15.8 ± 1.7 | 175.5 ± 33.4 | 272.9 ± 84.6 | 980.5 ± 163.4 |
| KB | 10.4 ± 1.2 | 16.8 ± 2.3 | 136.5 ± 38.2 | 207.1 ± 89.4 | 706.8 ± 199.9 |
| GIP (pmol/L) | |||||
| CB | 9.2 ± 1.8 | 84.9 ± 10.5 | 93.0 ± 13.6 | 4904.6 ± 426.7 | 9089.2 ± 1137.8 |
| KB | 12.4 ± 1.6 | 74.5 ± 11.0 | 84.0 ± 13.5 | 4494.8 ± 743.1 | 7169.4 ± 989.0 |
| GLP-1 (pmol/L) | |||||
| CB | 15.5 ± 1.4 | 30.9 ± 2.1 | 86.3 ± 15.7 | 949.9 ± 95.0 | 2019.9 ± 183.0 |
| KB | 18.3 ± 1.6 | 30.2 ± 1.8 | 76.5 ± 16.9 | 594.7 ± 102.4a | 1167.0 ± 295.3a |
| RaT (mg/kg min) | |||||
| CB | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 6.5 ± 0.3 | 57.0 ± 14.5 | 39.1 ± 1.4 | 88.1 ± 1.6 |
| KB | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 6.8 ± 0.3 | 36.0 ± 6.0 | 38.2 ± 1.1 | 85.1 ± 1.4 |
| RaE (mg/kg min) | |||||
| CB | 0 ± 0 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 66.0 ± 14.9 | 49.7 ± 1.6 | 95.9 ± 4.7 |
| KB | 0 ± 0 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 42.0 ± 12.0 | 46.9 ± 1.7 | 89.1 ± 1.8 |
| EGP (mg/kg min)b | |||||
| CB | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 111.0 ± 12.1 | 43.4 ± 9.3 | 157.8 ± 26.7 |
| KB | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 117.0 ± 23.7 | 40.8 ± 8.8 | 151.4 ± 24.3 |
| GCR (mL/kg min) | |||||
| CB | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 100.5 ± 12.5 | 15.6 ± 1.5 | 32.7 ± 1.7 |
| KB | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | 85.5 ± 12.3 | 15.5 ± 1.9 | 30.9 ± 2.9 |
| 13CO2 (% dose/h) | |||||
| CB | 0 ± 0 | 7.7 ± 0.2 | 228.0 ± 9.2 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.7 |
| KB | 0 ± 0 | 7.2 ± 0.2a | 237.0 ± 7.0 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 30.0 ± 0.8 |
| CCK (pmol/L) | |||||
| CB | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 115.5 ± 10.5 | 142.4 ± 5.7 | 295.0 ± 26.4 |
| KB | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 126.0 ± 14.0 | 132.0 ± 13.6 | 243.0 ± 26.2 |
| Total BA (µmol/L) | |||||
| CB | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 61.5 ± 19.7 | 93.0 ± 23.3 | 171.2 ± 40.9 |
| KB | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 63.0 ± 21.1 | 80.3 ± 18.1 | 139.8 ± 42.8 |
| Conjugated BA (µmol/L) | |||||
| CB | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 63.0 ± 19.3 | 110.8 ± 21.3 | 216.2 ± 43.4 |
| KB | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 64.5 ± 20.7 | 108.7 ± 24.9 | 204.5 ± 43.8 |
| Unconjugated BA (µmol/L)b | |||||
| CB | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 211.5 ± 38.0 | 47.7 ± 26.9 | 185.2 ± 96.9 |
| KB | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 257.3 ± 41.3 | 60.2 ± 40.5 | 260.2 ± 160.9 |
Values are mean ± SEM, n = 10
BA bile acid, CB control bread, CCK cholecystokinin, EGP endogenous glucose production, GCR glucose clearance rate, GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1, iAUC incremental area under the curve, KB kernel bread, RaE rate of appearance of exogenous glucose, RaT rate of appearance of total glucose
aSignificantly different from control bread
bBecause EGP and unconjugated BAs were suppressed after the test meals, the nadir values and time to nadir are presented. Also, the area beneath baseline (dAUC) was calculated using mirrored data